Adaptive surface concentration battery charging

1. A method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery, the method comprising:

during a charging process for the battery:

determining a lithium surface concentration at an interface between an electrode and an electrolyte separator in the battery, wherein determining the lithium surface concentration at the interface involves determining a potential of the electrode with respect to a predetermined reference value, determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value involves monitoring a temperature of the battery and monitoring a current through the battery, and the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value varies directly with the lithium surface concentration;

controlling the potential of the electrode with respect to the reference toward a target potential value; and

using the determined lithium surface concentration to control the charging process for the battery so that the charging process maintains the lithium surface concentration within set limits.

2. The method of claim 1 ,

wherein using the determined lithium surface concentration at the interface to control the charging process involves using the determined potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value to adjust either a charging voltage or a charging current, to maintain the potential of the electrode at a level with respect to the predetermined reference value which keeps the lithium surface concentration within the set limits.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein maintaining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value involves maintaining either a maximum potential or a minimum potential which keeps the lithium surface concentration within the set limits.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value involves directly measuring the potential of the electrode.

5. The method of claim 2 , wherein determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value involves:

determining a state of charge for the battery; and

determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value from the determined state of charge and other parameters related to the battery.

6. The method of claim 2 ,

wherein the electrode is a transport-limiting electrode; and

wherein the battery also includes a non-transport-limiting electrode.

7. The method of claim 6 ,

wherein the transport-limiting electrode is a negative electrode; and

wherein the non-transport-limiting electrode is a positive electrode.

8. The method of claim 7 ,

wherein the negative electrode is comprised of graphite and/or TiS 2 ;

wherein the electrolyte separator is a liquid electrolyte comprised of LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 and/or LiClO 4 and an organic solvent; and

wherein the positive electrode is comprised of LiCoO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiFePO 4 and/or Li 2 FePO 4 F.

9. A method for adaptively charging a battery, the method comprising:

during a process that comprises charging the battery:

determining a potential of an electrode in the battery with respect to a predetermined reference value, such determination involving monitoring a temperature of the battery and monitoring a total cell voltage of the battery;

using the determined potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value to charge the battery in a manner that maintains a lithium surface concentration at an interface between the electrode and an electrolyte separator within set limits, wherein the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value varies in direct proportion to the lithium surface concentration; and

controlling the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference toward a target value.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein using the determined potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value to charge the battery involves adjusting, based on the determined potential of the electrode, either a charging voltage or a charging current to maintain the potential of the electrode at a level which keeps the lithium surface concentration within the set limits.

11. The method of claim 9 , wherein determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value involves directly measuring the potential of the electrode.

12. The method of claim 9 , wherein determining the potential of the electrode involves:

determining a state of charge for the battery; and

determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value from the determined state of charge and other parameters related to the battery.

13. The method of claim 9 , wherein determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value involves:

monitoring a current through the battery; and

determining the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value based on the monitored temperature, current and total cell voltage.

14. The method of claim 9 ,

wherein the electrode is a transport-limiting electrode; and

wherein the battery also includes a non-transport-limiting electrode.

15. A method for adaptively charging a battery, wherein the battery is a lithium-ion battery, the method comprising:

during a charging process for the battery:

determining a lithium surface concentration at an interface between an electrode and an electrolyte separator in the battery, wherein determining the lithium surface concentration involves determining a potential of the electrode with respect to a predetermined reference value, wherein the potential of the electrode with respect to the predetermined reference value is positively correlated with the lithium surface concentration at the interface;

monitoring a current through the battery;

monitoring a voltage of the battery; and

using the monitored current and voltage to control the charging process for the battery so that the charging process maintains a lithium surface concentration at the interface between the electrode and the electrolyte separator in the battery within set limits.

16. The method of claim 15 ,

wherein the method further comprises monitoring a temperature of the battery; and

wherein controlling the charging process involves using the monitored temperature in addition to the monitored current and voltage to control the charging process.