Photovoltaic roofing elements including tie layer systems, and roofs using them, and methods for making them

1. A photovoltaic roofing element comprising:

an encapsulated photovoltaic element having a top surface and a bottom surface, a top layer material at its top surface and a bottom layer material at its bottom surface, the bottom layer material at the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element having a surface tension no greater than 35 dyne/cm;

a roofing substrate having a top surface; and

a tie layer system comprising a blend of functionalized EVA and polyolefin disposed between the encapsulated photovoltaic element and the roofing substrate and joining the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element to the top surface of the roofing substrate.

2. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the bottom layer material of the encapsulated photovoltaic element comprises a fluoropolymer.

3. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the top surface of the roofing substrate is polymeric.

4. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the top surface of the roofing substrate is bituminous.

5. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system comprises one or more polymer layers.

6. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system includes a polymeric material having a Chang viscoelastic window exhibiting at least one set of coordinates (log(G″), log(G′)) lying within the window bound by the coordinates (4.5, 3), (4.5, 6), (6, 6), (6, 3).

7. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system includes a polymeric material having a Chang viscoelastic window exhibiting at least one set of coordinates (log(G″), log(G′)) lying within the window bound by the coordinates (4.5, 6), (4.5,8), (8, 8), (8, 3.7), (6, 3.7).

8. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system comprises one or more materials selected from the group consisting of a polyolefin functionalized with carboxylate and/or anhydride; ethylene vinyl acetate; acid-modified polyolefins; a combination of an acid-modified polyolefin with an amine-functional polymer;

maleic anhydride-grafted EPDM; a hot melt containing a thermoplastic or elastomeric fluoropolymer; and a curable resin.

9. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system comprises an amino-substituted organosilane.

10. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system comprises a textured layer.

11. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 10 , wherein the material of the textured layer intermingles with the material of the top surface of the roofing substrate.

12. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the tie layer system is in the range of 1 mil to 20 mil.

13. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the tie layer system underlies substantially the entire area of the encapsulated photovoltaic element.

14. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 1 , wherein the distance between the roofing substrate and the photovoltaic element is substantially greater at the periphery of the photovoltaic element than it is at the center of the photovoltaic element.

15. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 14 , wherein the convexly shaped surface is disposed in an indentation formed in the top surface of the roofing substrate.

16. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 14 , wherein the convexly shaped surface has a continuously varying profile, decreasing in height from its center to its periphery.

17. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 14 , wherein the convexly shaped surface has a parabolic profile decreasing in height from its center to its periphery.

18. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 14 , wherein the distance between the roofing substrate and the photovoltaic element is at least twice as long at the periphery of the photovoltaic element than it is at the center of the photovoltaic element.

19. The photovoltaic roofing element of claim 14 , wherein the convexly shaped surface is graded in height at least along the area within 1 cm of its periphery.

20. A method of making a photovoltaic element according to claim 1 , comprising:

affixing the tie layer system to the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element; then

joining the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element to the top surface of the roofing substrate through the tie layer system.

21. A method of making a photovoltaic element according to claim 1 , comprising:

affixing the tie layer system to the top surface of the roofing substrate; then

joining the top surface of the roofing substrate to the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element with the tie layer system.

22. A roof comprising a plurality of photovoltaic roofing elements of claim 1 disposed on a roof deck.

23. A photovoltaic roofing element comprising:

an encapsulated photovoltaic element having a top surface and a bottom surface, a top layer material at its top surface and a bottom layer material at its bottom surface a roofing substrate having a top surface, wherein the top surface of the roofing substrate is polyolefin; and

a tie layer system comprising a blend of functionalized EVA and polyolefin disposed between the encapsulated photovoltaic element and the roofing substrate and joining the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element to the top surface of the roofing substrate.

24. A method of making a photovoltaic element according to claim 1 , comprising:

affixing one component of the tie layer system to the top surface of the roofing element;

affixing another component of the tie layer system to the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element; and

joining the top surface of the roofing substrate to the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element, thereby bringing together the components of the tie layer system.

25. A method of making a photovoltaic element according to claim 1 , comprising:

arranging the tie layer system between the top surface of the roofing substrate and the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element; then

joining the top surface of the roofing substrate to the bottom surface of the encapsulated photovoltaic element with the tie layer system.