Core-shell particle, method, and composition

1. A method of forming a core-shell particle, comprising:

forming a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core by copolymerizing a polydialkylsiloxane precursor and a tri- or tetraalkoxysilane in the presence of water and an emulsifying agent;

forming a graftlinker-functionalized crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core by reacting the crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core with a graftlinking agent comprising an alkoxysilane group and an aliphatic carbon-carbon double or triple bond; and

forming a core-shell particle by polymerizing a shell-forming monomer comprising alkenyl aromatic compound in the presence of the graftlinker-functionalized crosslinked polysiloxane core;

wherein the water is used in an amount of 45 to 99 weight percent based on the combined weight of the polydialkylsiloxane precursor, the tri-or tetraalkoxysilane, the graftlinking agent, and the shell-forming monomer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the copolymerizing a polydialkylsiloxane precursor and a tri- or tetraalkoxysilane is conducted in the absence of a graftlinking agent.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polydialkylsiloxane precursor and the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane are used in amounts that sum to 30 to 80 weight percent based on the total weight of the polydialkylsiloxane precursor, the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane, the graftlinking agent, and the shell-forming monomer.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reacting the crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core with a graftlinking agent is conducted in the absence of a polydialkylsiloxane precursor and a tri- or tetraalkoxysilane.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polydialkylsiloxane precursor and the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane are used in a weight ratio of 93:7 to 99:1.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core comprises copolymerizing 10 to 40 weight percent of the total polydialkylsiloxane precursor and 10 to 40 weight percent of the total tri- or tetraalkoxysilane at 80 to 100° C. for 1 to 3 hours in a reaction mixture further comprising water and an emulsifying agent; and

adding additional polydialkylsiloxane precursor and tri- or tetraalkoxysilane to the reaction mixture over the course of 4 to 7 hours during which the reaction mixture is maintained at 80 to 100° C.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core further comprises adding 5 to 40 weight percent of the total tri- or tetraalkoxysilane after the copolymerizing a polydialkylsiloxane precursor and a tri- or tetraalkoxysilane and before the forming a graftlinker-functionalized crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell-forming monomer further comprises a functionalized monomer comprising a carbon-carbon double or triple bond and at least one other functional group selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, glycidyl, and nitrile.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the functionalized monomer is selected from the group consisting of glycidyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, acrylonitrile, and mixtures thereof.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the functionalized monomer comprises glycidyl methacrylate.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifying agent comprises dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the emulsifying agent is used in an amount of 0.6 to 1.5 weight percent based on the combined weights of the polydialkylsiloxane precursor, the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane, the graftlinking agent, and the shell-forming monomer.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polydialkylsiloxane precursor comprises a cyclic dimethylsiloxane oligomer or polymer comprising 4 to 12 dimethylsiloxane units.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polydialkylsiloxane precursor comprises octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane is selected from the group consisting of tetraethyl orthosilicate, methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, tetramethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane, and mixtures thereof.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane comprises tetraethyl orthosilicate.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane is used in an amount of 2 to 9 weight percent based on the combined weight of the polydialkylsiloxane precursor and the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graftlinking agent is selected from the group consisting of methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane, methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, and mixtures thereof.

19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graftlinking agent comprises methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell-forming monomer is used in an amount of 20 to 60 weight percent based on the combined weight of the polydialkylsiloxane precursor, the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane, the graftlinking agent, and the shell-forming monomer.

21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core-shell particle comprises a core having a mean diameter of 70 to 150 nanometers; and

wherein the core-shell particle has a mean diameter of 95 to 200 nanometers.

22. The method of claim 1 , wherein the core-shell particle has a gel content of 80 to 95 percent measured after 48 hours immersion in toluene at 23° C.

23. A method of forming a core-shell particle, comprising:

forming a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core by copolymerizing a polydialkylsiloxane precursor and a tri- or tetraalkoxysilane in the presence of water and an emulsifying agent;

forming a graftlinker-functionalized crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core by reacting the crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core with a graftlinking agent comprising an alkoxysilane group and an aliphatic carbon-carbon double or triple bond; and

forming a core-shell particle by polymerizing a shell-forming monomer comprising alkenyl aromatic compound in the presence of the graftlinker-functionalized crosslinked polysiloxane core;

wherein the polydialkylsiloxane precursor comprises octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane;

wherein the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane comprises tetraethyl orthosilicate;

wherein the emulsifying agent comprises dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate;

wherein the forming a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane core comprises copolymerizing 15 to 30 weight percent of the polydialkylsiloxane precursor and 15 to 30 weight percent of the tri- or tetraalkoxysilane at 80 to 100° C. for 1 to 3 hours in a reaction mixture further comprising water and an emulsifying agent; and

adding the remaining polydialkylsiloxane precursor and tri- or tetraalkoxysilane to the reaction mixture over the course of 5 to 10 hours during which the reaction mixture is maintained at 80 to 95° C.;

wherein the graftlinking agent comprises methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane;

wherein the alkenyl aromatic compound comprises styrene;

wherein the core-shell particle comprises a core having a mean diameter of 90 to 130 nanometers;

wherein the core-shell particle has a mean diameter of 110 to 160 nanometers; and

wherein the core-shell particle has a gel content of 90 to 95 percent measured after 48 hours immersion in toluene at 23° C.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the polymerizing an alkenyl aromatic compound comprises copolymerizing styrene and glycidyl methacrylate.