Airfoil-shaped micro-mixers for reducing fouling on membrane surfaces
An array of airfoil-shaped micro-mixers that enhances fluid mixing within permeable membrane channels, such as used in reverse-osmosis filtration units, while minimizing additional pressure drop. The enhanced mixing reduces fouling of the membrane surfaces. The airfoil-shaped micro-mixer can also be coated with or comprised of biofouling-resistant (biocidal/germicidal) ingredients.
1. An array of airfoil-shaped micro-mixers disposed on a surface of a permeable membrane, wherein: the airfoil shape has a rounded leading edge and a tapered trailing edge; an overall length=A and an overall width=B; and the leading edge is oriented upstream and the trailing edge is oriented downstream of fluid flowing along the membrane's surface in a direction of fluid flow;
wherein the micro-mixers and the permeable membrane comprise a biocidal/germicidal agent that reduces fouling.
2. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the micro-mixer height is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm.
3. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein permeable membrane comprises a reverse osmosis membrane.
4. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the airfoil shape has a “S”-shaped lower surface, consisting of a convex-curved forward section and a concave-curved rear section.
5. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the array comprises regular rows and columns of micro-mixers; and every other column of micro-mixers is offset in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction from the adjacent column by a row offset distance=d; and wherein adjacent columns of micro-mixers are spaced apart, along the direction of flow, by a separation distance, S; and wherein the orientation of the airfoil shapes in every other column is flipped upside-down from the orientation of the airfoil shapes in adjacent columns.
6. The array of micro-mixers of claim 5 , wherein the separation distance, S, equals 2 times the length, A, of the airfoil shape; and the row offset distance, d, is equal to 1.5 times the width, B, of the airfoil shape.
7. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein each micro-mixer airfoil has a positive angle of attack, with respect to the direction of fluid flow, that is greater than zero and less than 30 degrees.
8. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein each micro-mixer airfoil has a negative angle of attack, with respect to the direction of fluid flow, that is greater than zero and less than 30 degrees.
9. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the airfoil shape is a symmetric, teardrop shape.
10. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the aspect ratio, A/B, of the airfoil shape is between 2 and 4.
11. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the array comprises regular rows and columns of micro-mixers; and every other column of micro-mixers is offset in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction from the adjacent column by a row offset distance=d; and wherein adjacent columns of micro-mixers are spaced apart, along the direction of flow, by a separation distance, S.
12. The array of micro-mixers of claim 11 , wherein the row offset distance, d=0.
13. The array of micro-mixers of claim 12 , wherein the orientation of the airfoil shapes in every other column is flipped upside-down from the orientation of the airfoil shapes in adjacent columns.
14. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the micro-mixers have a solid, filled cross-section.
15. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the micro-mixers have a hollow cross-section.
16. The array of micro-mixers of claim 15 , wherein the hollow micro-mixers have a wall thickness from 0.1 to 0.3 mm thick.
17. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the distribution of micro-mixers in the array is irregularly-spaced.
18. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the micro-mixers are made out of a UV-curable epoxy material directly printed onto a reverse osmosis membrane.
19. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the biocidal/germicidal agent is selected from the group consisting of acid-functionalized polyphenylenes and polysulfones, coatings with quaternary ammonium groups, self-assembled monolayers of silane, and copper and silver nanoparticles.
20. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the biocidal/germicidal agent is selected from the group consisting of copper and silver nanoparticles.
21. The array of micro-mixers of claim 1 , wherein the micro-mixers comprise a water-soluble material containing at least one biocidal/germicidal agent, capable of being released when exposed to water during use.
22. An array of airfoil-shaped micro-mixers disposed on a surface of a permeable membrane, wherein:
the airfoil shape has a rounded leading edge and a tapered trailing edge; an overall length=A and an overall width=B; and the leading edge is oriented upstream and the trailing edge is oriented downstream of fluid flowing along the membrane's surface in a direction of fluid flow;
the micro-mixer height is greater than or equal to 0.1 mm and less than or equal to 3 mm;
the permeable membrane comprises a reverse osmosis membrane;
the airfoil shape has a “S”-shaped lower surface, consisting of a convex-curved forward section and a concave-curved rear section;
the array comprises regular rows and columns of micro-mixers; and every other column of micro-mixers is offset in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction from the adjacent column by a row offset distance=d; and wherein adjacent columns of micro-mixers are spaced apart, along the direction of flow, by a separation distance, S; and wherein the orientation of the airfoil shapes in every other column is flipped upside-down from the orientation of the airfoil shapes in adjacent columns;
the separation distance, S, equals 2 times the length, A, of the airfoil shape; and the row offset distance, d, is equal to 1.5 times the width, B, of the airfoil shape; and
the aspect ratio, A/B, of the airfoil shape is between 2 and 4;
and wherein the micro-mixers and the permeable membrane are coated with a biocidal/germicidal coating that reduces fouling.
23. An array of airfoil-shaped micro-mixers disposed on a surface of a permeable membrane, wherein: the airfoil shape has a rounded leading edge and a tapered trailing edge; an overall length=A and an overall width=B; and the leading edge is oriented upstream and the trailing edge is oriented downstream of fluid flowing along the membrane's surface in a direction of fluid flow;
wherein the micro-mixers have a hollow cross-section.