Compounds for Inhibiting Beta-Amyloid Production
Provided are compounds useful for treating diseases associated with a cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer's amyloid, such as Alzheimer's disease. Also provided are methods of treating or reducing the risk of developing β-amyloid production, β-amyloid deposition, β-amyloid neurotoxicity (including abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau) and microgliosis associated with cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer's amyloid by administering therapeutically effective amounts of the compounds. Further provided are methods for diagnosing diseases associated with cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer's amyloid in animals or humans by administering diagnostically effective amounts of the compounds.
1 . A method for treating a disease associated with cerebral accumulation of Alzheimer's amyloid, said method comprising administering to an animal or human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, II, III or IV, or a salt, ester, or prodrug thereof, wherein the compound optionally reduces β-amyloid production by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, or 50%, in cells that overexpress APP or a fragment thereof, wherein the compound of Formula I is:
wherein the compound of Formula II is:
wherein the compound of Formula III is:
and
wherein the compound of Formula IV is:
wherein for Formulas I, II, and III,
n is 3, 4 or 5;
R is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl; optionally substituted alkenyl; optionally substituted alkynyl; optionally substituted cycloalkyl; optionally substituted heteroalkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; or acyl; or any of the groups listed for R in Table 1;
Am is a residue of an amine, such as an optionally substituted alkyl amine, or Am is optionally selected from the groups listed in Table 2 or 3; and
wherein for Formula IV,
n is 1, 2 or 3;
R is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl, or in one embodiment, a C 1-10 alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, secbutyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl;
R 1 is H, unsubstituted alkyl or substituted alkyl, such as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, including straight chain, branched or cycloalkyl or is the same as R 2 ;
R 2 is unsubstituted alkyl or substituted alkyl, such as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, including straight chain, branched or cycloalkyl, wherein the substituent is, e.g., a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group; and optionally R 1 and R 2 together form an optionally substituted heterocycle, such as an optionally substituted 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 membered ring saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, including one or more heteroatoms such as nitrogen.
2 . A method according to claim 1 , wherein for Formula I, II, or III, R is selected from the group consisting of Table 1, and Am is selected from the group consisting of Table 2 or Table 3;
and
wherein for Formula IV,
n is 1, 2 or 3;
R is a C 1-10 alkyl;
R 1 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, or C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl;
R 2 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, wherein the substituent for R 2 if present is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group.
3 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 2 , wherein for Formula I, II, or III, R is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl, and Am is an alkyl amine;
and
wherein for Formula IV, R is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, secbutyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl; R 1 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, or C10 unsubstituted alkyl; and R 2 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted alkyl.
4 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 3 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of
5 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 4 , wherein the therapeutically effective amount of the compound is between about 0.02 to 1000 mg per unit dose; or about 0.5 to 500 mg per unit dose.
6 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 5 , wherein the route of administration of the compound to the animal or human is parenteral, oral or intraperitoneal.
7 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 6 , wherein the compound is administered orally in a unit dosage form selected from the group consisting of hard or soft shell gelatin capsules, tablets, troches, sachets, lozenges, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, powders, granules, solutions and emulsions.
8 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 7 , wherein the method comprises administration to a human in need thereof.
9 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 8 , wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch-type, or other forms of familial AD and familial cerebral Alzheimer's amyloid angiopathy.
10 . A method according to any of claims 1 - 9 , wherein the disease is Alzheimer's disease.
11 . A compound of Formula I, II, III or IV, or a salt, ester, or prodrug thereof, wherein the compound of Formula I is:
wherein the compound of Formula II is:
wherein the compound of Formula III is:
and
wherein the compound of Formula IV is:
wherein for Formulas I, II, and III,
n is 3, 4 or 5;
R is optionally substituted alkyl, e.g., methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl; optionally substituted alkenyl; optionally substituted alkynyl; optionally substituted cycloalkyl; optionally substituted heteroalkyl; optionally substituted aryl; optionally substituted heteroaryl; or acyl; or any of the groups listed for R in Table 1;
Am is a residue of an amine, such as an optionally substituted alkyl amine, or Am is optionally selected from the groups listed in Table 2 or 3;
and
wherein for Formula IV,
n is 1, 2 or 3;
R is optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl or optionally substituted alkynyl, or in one embodiment, a C1-10 alkyl, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, secbutyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl;
R 1 is H, unsubstituted alkyl or substituted alkyl, such as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, including straight chain, branched or cycloalkyl or is the same as R 2 ;
R 2 is unsubstituted alkyl or substituted alkyl, such as C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, including straight chain, branched or cycloalkyl, wherein the substituent is, e.g., a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group;
and optionally R 1 and R 2 together form an optionally substituted heterocycle, such as an optionally substituted 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 membered ring saturated or unsaturated heterocycle, including one or more heteroatoms such as nitrogen.
12 . A compound according to claim 11 , wherein for Formula I, II, or III, R is selected from the group consisting of Table 1, and Am is selected from the group consisting of Table 2 or Table 3;
and
wherein for Formula IV,
n is 1, 2 or 3;
R is a C 1-10 alkyl;
R 1 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, or C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl;
R 2 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, wherein the substituent for R 2 if present is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group.
13 . A compound according to claim 11 , wherein for Formula I, II, or III, R is selected from H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, butyl, and isobutyl, and Am is an alkyl amine;
and
wherein for Formula IV, R is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, secbutyl, isopropyl, or isobutyl; R 1 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, or C10 unsubstituted alkyl; and R 2 is a C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10 unsubstituted alkyl.
14 . A compound according to claim 11 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of
15 . A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any of claims 11 through 14 or a salt, ester, or prodrug thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.