An armor plate transforms projectile energy into solid-state lattice waves and facilitates absorption of these waves at different wavelengths. For high frequency lattice waves, dopants are used for absorbing the lattice waves and converting them to thermal energy. Heavy dopants and layered materials can also be use for reflecting lattice waves to facilitate attenuation through absorption. A spreading layer can also be used for dispersing non-absorbed lattice waves.
1. An armor plate comprising:
a transformation layer comprised of a material having a tensile strength in a range between about 50 MPa to about 500 MPa and a deformation before failure of at least 20%, the transformation layer producing lattice waves when struck by a projectile; and
an absorption layer disposed adjacent to the transformation layer such that when the transformation layer is struck by a projectile, the lattice waves generated within the transformation layer propagate into the absorption layer, the absorption layer being comprised of a base material having a first dopant dispersed therein, the base material being comprised of a metal or a ceramic, wherein the first dopant creates phonon absorption centers in the absorption layer that absorb the lattice waves.
2. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the combined transformation layer and absorption layer having a maximum thickness in a range between about 2 mm and about 15 mm.
3. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the absorption layer is directly secured to the transformation layer.
4. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the material for the transformation layer is comprised of titanium, steel, aluminum or an alloy thereof.
5. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the material for the transformation layer is comprised of polycarbonate or a high molecular weight polyethylene.
6. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the transformation layer is free of any dopants.
7. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the absorption layer is comprised of a ceramic selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , B 4 C, TiB 2 , SiC, ZrO 2 silicates, or cordierites.
8. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the absorption layer is comprised of titanium, steel, aluminum or an alloy thereof.
9. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the first dopant comprises Zr, Mo, Dy, Yb, W, Ta, Th, U or TiZrO 4 .
10. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the first dopant comprises Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, or Co.
11. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the absorption layer is more brittle than the transformation layer.
12. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the absorption layer is secured to the transformation layer by an adhesive.
13. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , further comprising an outer layer comprised of a fabric woven from fibers.
14. The armor plate as recited in claim 13 , wherein the fibers comprise aramide fibers or high molecular weight polyethylene fibers.
15. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , further comprising a spreading layer secured to the absorption layer, the spreading layer being comprised of a material capable of propagating sound at a speed of at least 6 km/s.
16. The armor plate as recited in claim 15 , wherein the spreading layer is comprised of high molecular weight polyethylene, sapphire, quartz, spinels, boron, Mg, or Al.
17. The armor plate as recited in claim 1 , wherein the transformation layer is free of dopants and the absorption layer is disposed directly adjacent to the transformation layer.
18. A body armor comprising:
an outer shell comprised of a fabric woven from fibers; and
an armor plate as recited in claim 1 secured to the outer shell.
19. The body armor as recited in claim 18 , wherein the outer shell is in the form of a vest, jacket or pants.
20. The body armor as recited in claim 18 , wherein the fibers comprise aramide fibers or high molecular weight polyethylene fibers.
21. The body armor as recited in claim 18 , further comprising:
wherein the transformation layer is comprised of titanium, steel, or an alloy thereof;
wherein the base material for the absorption layer is comprised of a ceramic selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , B 4 C, TiB 2 , SiC, ZrO 2 silicates, or cordierites; and
wherein the first dopant comprises Zr, Mo, Dy, Yb, W, Ta, Th, U or TiZrO 4 .
22. An armor plate comprising:
a transformation layer comprised of a material having a tensile strength in a range between about 50 MPa to about 500 MPa and a deformation before failure of at least 20%; and
an absorption layer comprising a first dopant dispersed in the absorption layer, the absorption layer disposed adjacent to the transformation layer such that when the transformation layer is struck by a projectile, lattice waves generated within the transformation layer can propagate into the absorption layer, the absorption layer being comprised of a plurality of sublayers having a maximum thickness of less than 100 μm.
23. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the combined transformation layer and absorption layer having a maximum thickness in a range between about 2 mm and about 15 mm.
24. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the absorption layer is comprised of pyrolytic graphite, tin sulfide, selenium, mica, a max phase material or a layered silicate.
25. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the first dopant comprises Zr, Mo, Dy, Yb, W, Ta, Th, U or TiZrO 4 .
26. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the first dopant comprises Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, or Co.
27. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the absorption layer is more brittle than the transformation layer.
28. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the absorption layer is secured to the transformation layer by an adhesive.
29. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the material for the transformation layer is comprised of titanium, steel, aluminum or an alloy thereof.
30. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , wherein the material for the transformation layer is comprised of polycarbonate or a high molecular weight polyethylene.
31. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , further comprising an outer layer comprised of a fabric woven from fibers.
32. The armor plate as recited in claim 22 , further comprising a spreading layer secured to the absorption layer, the spreading layer being comprised of a material capable of propagating sound at a speed of at least 6 km/s.
33. The armor plate as recited in claim 32 , wherein the spreading layer is comprised of high molecular weight polyethylene, sapphire, quartz, spinels, Mg, or Al.
34. An armor plate comprising:
a transformation layer comprised of a material having a tensile strength in a range between about 50 MPa to about 500 MPa and a deformation before failure of at least 20%, the transformation layer producing lattice waves when struck by a projectile; and
an absorption layer disposed adjacent to the transformation layer such that when the transformation layer is struck by a projectile, lattice waves generated within the transformation layer propagate into the absorption layer, the absorption layer being comprised of a base material having a first dopant dispersed therein, the base material being comprised of a metal or a ceramic and the dopant included in a concentration that breaks lattice symmetry, wherein the dopant causes absorption of lattice waves propagated from the transformation layer.
35. The armor plate as recited in claim 34 , wherein the first dopant has a concentration in a range from 0.5 to 20 atomic percent and the first dopant includes Zr, Mo, W, Ta, Th, U, or TiZrO 4 .