Catalyst Containing Titanium Dioxide, Particularly for the Production of Phthalic Anhydride
The present invention relates to the use of titanium dioxide having a content of sulphur, calculated as elemental sulphur, of less than about 1000 ppm and a BET surface area of at least 5 m 2 /g for preparing a catalyst for gas phase oxidation of hydrocarbons, especially for gas phase oxidation of o-xylene and/or naphthalene. Also described is a preferred process for preparing such a catalyst.
1 . A catalyst for gas phase oxidation of hydrocarbons, particularly o-xylene, naphthalene or mixtures thereof, for preparing phthalic anhydride comprising a catalytically active composition comprising titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) having a content of sulphur, calculated as elemental sulphur, of less than about 1000 ppm, and a BET surface area of at least 5 m 2 /g.
2 . (canceled)
3 . The catalyst of claim 1 further comprising niobium in the TiO 2 , calculated as Nb in an amount greater than about 500 ppm.
4 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the content of phosphorus in the TiO 2 , calculated as elemental phosphorus, is less than 300 ppm.
5 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the content of sulphur in the TiO 2 , calculated as elemental sulphur, is less than about 750 ppm.
6 . (canceled)
7 . (canceled)
8 . The catalyst of claim 1 further comprising an inert support and at least one layer which has been applied thereto which comprises the catalytically active composition.
9 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the BET surface area of the TiO 2 is between about 15 and 60 m 2 /g.
10 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least some of the TiO 2 used has the following properties: (a) a BET surface area of more than 15 m 2 /g, (b) at least 25% of the total pore volume is formed by pores having a radius between 60 and 400 nm and (c) a primary crystal size of more than 210 ångström.
11 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein its bulk density is less than 1.0 g/ml.
12 . (canceled)
13 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the D 90 value of the TiO 2 is between about 0.5 and 20 μm.
14 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein 4% by weight or more of the catalytically active material comprises vanadium, calculated as vanadium pentoxide.
15 . The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least 0.05% by weight of the catalytically active material comprises at least one alkali metal, calculated as the alkali metal.
16 . The catalyst of claim 1 further comprising an adhesive used for the catalytically active material comprising an organic polymer or copolymer.
17 . (canceled)
18 . (canceled)
19 . (canceled)
20 . A multizone or multilayer catalyst system comprising a first catalyst zone disposed toward a gas inlet side, a second catalyst zone disposed closer to a gas outlet side and a third catalyst zone disposed even closer to or at the gas outlet side, and wherein the catalysts present in each catalyst zones are of different composition and each have an active composition comprising TiO 2 , and wherein the active composition content of the catalysts decreases from the first to the third catalyst zone, with the proviso that
a) the catalysts of the first catalyst zone have an active composition content between about 7 and 12% by weight,
b) the catalysts of the second catalyst zone have an active composition content in the range between 6 and 11% by weight and the active composition content of the catalysts of the second catalyst zone is less than or equal to the active composition content of the catalysts of the first catalyst zone, and
c) the catalysts of the third catalyst zone have an active composition content in the range between 5 and 10% by weight and the active composition content of the catalysts of the third catalyst zone is less than or equal to the active composition content of the catalysts of the second catalyst zone.
21 . A multizone or multilayer catalyst system comprising a first catalyst zone disposed toward a gas inlet side, a second catalyst zone disposed closer to a gas outlet side, a third catalyst zone disposed even closer to the gas outlet side and a fourth catalyst zone disposed even closer to or at the gas outlet side, and wherein the catalysts of the catalyst zones are of different composition and each have an active composition comprising TiO 2 , and wherein the active composition content of the catalysts decreases from the first to the fourth catalyst zone, with the proviso that
a) the catalysts of the first catalyst zone have an active composition content between about 7 and 12% by weight,
b) the catalysts of the second catalyst zone have an active composition content in the range between 6 and 11% by weight and the active composition content of the catalysts of the second catalyst zone is less than or equal to the active composition content of the catalysts of the first catalyst zone,
c) the catalysts of the third catalyst zone have an active composition content in the range between 5 and 10% by weight and the active composition content of the catalysts of the third catalyst zone is less than or equal to the active composition content of the catalysts of the second catalyst zone; and
d) the catalysts of the fourth catalyst zone have an active composition content in the range between 4 and 9% by weight and the active composition content of the fourth catalyst zone is less than or equal to the active composition content of the catalysts of the third catalyst zone.
22 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the catalyst activity of the catalyst zone or zones toward the gas inlet side is lower than the catalyst activity of the catalyst zone or zones toward the gas outlet side.
23 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the BET surface area of the catalysts of the first catalyst zone is lower than the BET surface area of the catalysts of the last catalyst zone.
24 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the proportion of the total length of the first catalyst zone to the total length of the catalyst system is between 10 and 20%.
25 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the proportion of the total length of the second catalyst zone to the total length of the catalyst system is between about 40 and 60%.
26 . A process for preparing a catalyst for gas phase oxidation of hydrocarbons, especially for preparing phthalic anhydride by gas phase oxidation of o-xylene, naphthalene or mixtures thereof, comprising the following steps:
a. providing the catalytically active composition comprising TiO 2 of claim 1 ,
b. providing an inert support, especially a shaped inert body,
c. applying the catalytically active composition to the inert support, especially in a fluidized bed or a moving bed.
27 . A process for gas phase oxidation of at least one hydrocarbon, comprising:
a) providing a catalyst comprising titanium dioxide and further comprising sulphur, calculated as elemental sulphur, in an amount less than about 1000 ppm, wherein the BET surface area of the catalyst is at least 5 m 2 /g;
b) contacting the catalyst with a gas stream which comprises the at least one hydrocarbon and oxygen,
in order to bring about the gas phase oxidation of the at least one hydrocarbon.
28 . The process according to claim 27 , wherein the process is for preparing phthalic anhydride from o-xylene and/or naphthalene.
29 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the catalysts of the third or last catalyst zone comprises from 0.05 to 0.5% by weight phosphorus.
30 . The process of claim 26 , wherein the catalyst is calcined or conditioned at >390° C. for at least 24 hours, in an O 2 -containing gas, especially in air after application of the catalytically active compositions.
31 . The process of claim 26 , wherein only one TiO 2 source is used to prepare the catalyst.
32 . The process of claim 27 , wherein the process of gas phase oxidation is selected from the group consisting of methanol oxidation to formaldehyde, oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes, and partial oxidation of aldehydes or alcohols to the corresponding carboxylic acids.
33 . The process of claim 27 , wherein the process of gas phase oxidation is selected from the group consisting of gas phase oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, xylenes, naphthalene, toluene or durene to prepare carboxylic acids and/or carboxylic anhydrides; ammoxidation of alkanes and alkenes, ammoxidation of alkylaromatics and alkylheteroaromatics to the corresponding cyano compounds, especially the ammoxidation of 3-methylpyridine (β-picoline) to 3-cyanopyridine, oxidation of 3-methylpyridine to nicotinic acid, oxidation of acenaphthene to naphthalic anhydride, or of durene to pyromellitic anhydride; preparation of naphthalic anhydride from acenaphthene and preparation of cyanopyridine from alkylpyridine (picoline) by ammoxidation, for example the conversion of 3-methylpyridine to 3-cyanopyridine.