Quantum cryptography apparatus
A timing and synchronization apparatus and method for a quantum cryptography system is disclosed. A gating pulse is generated by a clock and synchronized to the receipt of transmitted photons at the detector. The apparatus is arranged to only accept photon detection events occurring during the gating period.
1. A quantum cryptographic receiver comprising;
at least one photon detector; and
gating means to generate a gating signal for periodically gating said receiver, characterized in that the gating means comprises a first electronic clock for generating a first timing signal and in that said gating signal is derived from said first timing signal wherein the gating means comprises a phase adjuster for generating the gating signal from the first timing signal, said phase adjuster being arranged to provide a variable phase lag between the gating signal and the first timing signal wherein said receiver receiving a series of photon pulses that are preceded by a header block of photon pulses encoding a predetermined pseudo-random bit sequence and wherein said phase adjuster is arranged to use detection events associated with said header block to synchronize the absolute phase of the gating signal with the phase of detection events arising from the detection of the series of photon pulses.
2. The receiver according to claim 1 wherein said gating signal has a period substantially equal to the time interval between the arrival of successive photon pulses at the receiver.
3. The receiver according to claim 2 wherein said gating signal comprises a series of gating pulses, said receiver being arranged to only accept those photon detection events that occur during a gating pulse.
4. The receiver according to claim 3 wherein the period of the gating signal is at least ten times greater than the duration of each gating pulse.
5. The receiver according to claim 1 wherein the phase adjuster is arranged to minimize the difference between the phase of the gating signal and the phase of detection events associated with the arrival of photon pulses at said at least one detector.
6. The receiver according to claim 5 wherein the phase adjuster comprises a phase locked loop.
7. The receiver according to claim 1 that comprises at least two pairs of photon detectors, wherein each pair of photon detectors comprising an associated polarization filter.
8. The receiver according to claim 7 and further comprising a beam steering element for directing each photon pulse arriving at the receiver to the polarization filter associated with one of said at least two pairs of photon detectors.
9. The receiver according to claim 1 wherein said at least one photon detector is a single photon detector.
10. The receiver according to claim 1 wherein the gating signal is directly applied to the at least one single photon detector.
11. The receiver according to claim 1 that comprises data output means for providing an output signal that indicates the occurrence of a detection event.
12. Quantum cryptographic apparatus comprising:
a quantum cryptographic receiver for receiving a series of photon pulses that are preceded by a header block of photon pulses encoding a predetermined pseudo-random bit sequence, the receiver comprising at least one photon detector and gating means to generate a gating signal for periodically gating said receiver, characterized in that the gating means comprises a first electronic clock for generating a first timing signal and in that said gating signal is derived from said first timing signal wherein the gating means comprises a phase adjuster for generating the gating signal from the first timing signal, said phase adjuster being arranged to provide a variable phase lag between the gating signal and the first timing signal; and
a transmitter, said transmitter comprising a photon pulse generation module and a second electronic clock, wherein the photon pulse generation module is arranged to generate a series of photon pulses that are separated by an interval derived from a second timing signal produced by said second electronic clock said phase adjuster is arranged to use detection events associated with said header block to synchronize the absolute phase of the gating signal with the phase of detection events arising from the detection of the series of photon pulses.
13. The quantum cryptographic apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the frequency of the second timing signal produced by the second electronic clock is substantially equal to the frequency of the first timing signal produced by the first electronic clock.
14. The quantum cryptographic apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the photon pulse generation module is arranged to produce photon pulses polarized in any one of at least two polarization bases.
15. The quantum cryptographic apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the transmitter comprising a random number generator.
16. The quantum cryptographic apparatus according to claim 12 wherein the transmitter is arranged to generate a series of photon pulses that are preceded by a header block of photon pulses encoding a predetermined pseudo-random bit sequence.
17. The quantum cryptographic apparatus according to claim 12 wherein a standard communication channel is provided to link the transmitter and receiver.
18. A method of receiving a quantum cryptography signal comprising the steps of;
(i) taking at least one photon detector,
(ii) generating a gating signal to gate said at least one photon detector, and
(iii) using said at least one photon detector to detect a series of received photon pulses,
characterized in that step (ii) comprises generating said gating signal from a first timing signal derived from a first electronic clock wherein the gating signal is generated from a first timing signal by a gating means including a phase adjustor, said phase adjustor being arranged to provide a variable phase lag between the gating signal and the first timing signal wherein the received photon pulses of step (iii) are preceded by a header block of photon pulses encoding a predetermined pseudo-random bit sequence, said phase adjustor is arranged to use detection events associated with said header block for synchronizing the absolute phase of the gating signal with a phase of detection events arising from detection of the series of photon pulses using detection events associated with said header block.
19. The method according to claim 18 wherein the step (ii) of generating the gating signal comprises the step of imparting a delay to the first timing signal.
20. The method according to claim 18 wherein step (ii) comprises the step of forming a phase locked feedback loop to synchronize gating of the at least one photon detector with the arrival of photon pulses at the least one photon detector.
21. The method according to claim 18 wherein the header block of photon pulses encode a predetermined pseudo-random bit sequence.
22. The method according to claim 18 wherein step (iii) comprises detecting each of the series of photon pulses using one of at least two polarization bases.
23. The method according to claim 18 wherein the step (ii) of generating the gating signal from the first timing signal is performed using a suitably programmed computer.
24. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of transmitting a quantum cryptography (QC) signal comprising a series of photon pulses is performed before receiving the QC signal.