Surgical antenna
A surgical instrument ( 100 ) (e.g. scalpel) is disclosed which has an antenna arranged to emit a substantially uniform microwave radiation field (e.g. having a frequency of 5-100 GHz) at an edge of a cutting element ( 110 ) (e.g. blade). The emitted radiation can cauterize tissue e.g. broken blood vessels simultaneously with cutting. The antenna may be integral with the cutting element, e.g. a metallized piece of ceramic attachable at an end of a waveguide ( 120, 150 ) to receive radiation therefrom. The cutting element ( 110 ) can include a quarter wave transformer to couple power efficiently from the waveguide ( 120 ). The instrument can be used with impedance matching apparatus to control the energy delivered into the tissue. Also disclosed is an invasive ablation probe (e.g. insertable through a catheter) having a plurality of radiating elements whose emitted field combine to give a uniform effect at an insertion end of the probe.
1. A surgical instrument having:
a waveguide for carrying microwave energy having a frequency between 5 GHz and 100 GHz; and
a cutting element connected to the waveguide to receive the microwave energy therefrom, the cutting element comprising a piece of dielectric material configured to load the waveguide, wherein the piece of dielectric material includes:
a sharpened edge forming a blade for cutting biological tissue;
a radiating antenna for emitting the microwave energy as a microwave radiation field from the sharpened edge into the biological tissue; and
an impedance transformer arranged to provide substantially maximum field coupling from the waveguide to the cutting element, the impedance transformer being integrally formed with the cutting element and arranged to match a first impedance, which is an impedance of the waveguide before it is loaded with the piece of dielectric material, with a second impedance, which is a predetermined impedance of the biological tissue,
wherein the piece of dielectric material comprises a piece of ceramic having a metallised surface except for a first unmetallised region at a proximal coupling portion and a second unmetallised region at the sharpened edge,
wherein the radiating antenna is formed by the second unmetallised region, and
wherein the impedance transformer is located between the waveguide and the sharpened edge.
2. The surgical instrument according to claim 1 , wherein the impedance transformer is a tapered transformer or a step transformer.
3. The surgical instrument according to claim 1 , further including a stub tuner in the waveguide.
4. The surgical instrument according to claim 1 , wherein the ceramic is alumina or sapphire.
5. The surgical instrument according to claim 1 , wherein the microwave radiation field is substantially uniform along the blade.
6. The surgical instrument according to claim 1 including a tuning mechanism arranged to adjust the first impedance.
7. The surgical instrument according to claim 6 , wherein the tuning mechanism includes three screws adjustably mounted in the waveguide.
8. The surgical instrument according to claim 1 , wherein the impedance transformer has a length in a direction along the waveguide that is an odd multiple of a quarter of a wavelength of the microwave radiation that is configured to propagate in the waveguide.
9. A surgical cutting apparatus having:
a microwave source arranged to generate microwave energy having a stable frequency between 5 GHz and 100 GHz; and
a surgical instrument having:
a waveguide connected to receive the microwave energy from the microwave source, and
a cutting element connected to the waveguide to receive the microwave energy therefrom, the cutting element comprising a piece of dielectric material configured to load the waveguide, wherein the piece of dielectric material includes:
a sharpened edge forming a blade for cutting biological tissue;
a radiating
antenna for emitting the microwave energy as a microwave radiation field at the sharpened edge into the biological tissue; and
an impedance transformer arranged to provide substantially maximum field coupling from the waveguide to the cutting element, the impedance transformer being integrally formed with the cutting element and arranged to match a first impedance, which is an impedance of the waveguide before it is loaded with the piece of dielectric material, with a second impedance, which is a predetermined impedance of the biological tissue,
wherein the piece of dielectric material comprises a piece of ceramic having a metallised surface except for a first unmetallised region at a proximal coupling portion and a second unmetallised region at the sharpened edge,
wherein the radiating antenna is formed by the second unmetallised region, and
wherein the impedance transformer is located between waveguide and the sharpened edge.
10. The surgical cutting apparatus according to claim 9 including:
a reflected radiation detector connected between the microwave source and the surgical instrument; and
an impedance adjuster connected between the microwave source and the surgical instrument;
wherein the reflected radiation detector is arranged to detect a magnitude and a phase of microwave radiation reflected back through the surgical instrument towards the microwave source, and the impedance adjuster has an adjustable complex impedance that is controllable based on the detected magnitude and phase of the reflected microwave radiation.
11. The surgical cutting apparatus according to claim 10 including forward and reflected power directional couplers arranged to detect the microwave radiation between the surgical instrument towards the microwave source, wherein the reflected radiation detector is a heterodyne receiver arranged to extract both magnitude and phase information from the microwave radiation coupled by the forward and reflected power directional couplers.
12. The surgical cutting apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the impedance adjuster is dynamically adjustable based on the phase and magnitude information extracted by the reflected radiation detector.