Illumination apparatus and methods of forming the same
In one aspect, an illumination apparatus includes a waveguide, embedded in which are a light-emitting source and a photoluminescent material. Output light is emitted from at least a portion of a first surface of the waveguide.
1. An illumination apparatus comprising:
a waveguide having a first surface;
embedded within the waveguide, (i) a light-emitting source for emitting source light, and (ii) a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light; and
an encapsulation disposed between the light-emitting source and the waveguide,
wherein output light is emitted from at least a portion of the first surface.
2. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the source light comprises at least one of blue light or ultraviolet light.
3. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the output light comprises substantially white light.
4. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting source comprises a bare LED die.
5. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide opposite the first surface.
6. The illumination apparatus of claim 5 , further comprising a printed circuit board proximate the second surface of the waveguide, wherein the light-emitting source is electrically connected to the printed circuit board.
7. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate the first surface.
8. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material is dispersed throughout substantially all of the waveguide.
9. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises a plurality of particles.
10. The illumination apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the plurality of particles scatter source light.
11. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the encapsulation.
12. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is substantially planar.
13. An illumination apparatus comprising:
a waveguide having a first surface and comprising (i) a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light, (ii) a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light, and (iii) a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region; and
embedded within the waveguide, (i) a light-emitting source for emitting source light, and (ii) a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light,
wherein output light is emitted from at least a portion of the first surface.
14. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the in-coupling region comprises a first plurality of scattering impurities, the out-coupling region comprises a second plurality of scattering impurities, and the propagation region is substantially free of scattering impurities.
15. The illumination apparatus of claim 14 , wherein at least one of a concentration, a size, or a type of the second plurality of scattering impurities varies along at least one dimension of the out-coupling region.
16. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein at least one of the concentration, the size, or the type of the second plurality of scattering impurities increases as a function of distance from the in-coupling region.
17. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the first surface in the out-coupling region.
18. An illumination apparatus comprising:
a waveguide having a first surface; and
embedded within the waveguide, (i) a light-emitting source for emitting source light, and (ii) a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light,
wherein (i) output light is emitted from at least a portion of the first surface and (ii) at least a portion of the photoluminescent material is disposed sufficiently remotely from the light-emitting source so as to be substantially unaffected by heat emitted by the light-emitting source.
19. A method of forming an illumination apparatus, the method comprising:
embedding a light-emitting source within a waveguide; and
embedding a photoluminescent material within the waveguide,
wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light,
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the light-emitting source comprises a bare LED die.
21. A method of producing output light, the method comprising:
providing a waveguide having embedded therein a light-emitting source and a photoluminescent material, the waveguide comprising (i) a first surface, (ii) a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light from the light-emitting source, (iii) a discrete propagation region for propagating source light, and (iv) a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light;
emitting source light from the light-emitting source;
converting a portion of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light; and
emitting output light from at least a portion of the first surface.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the light-emitting source comprises a bare LED die.
23. A display comprising:
a liquid-crystal panel comprising a plurality of pixels; and
a backlight unit disposed behind and in contact with the liquid-crystal panel, the backlight unit comprising:
a waveguide,
a light-emitting source embedded within the waveguide, and
a photoluminescent material embedded within the waveguide.
24. The display of claim 23 , wherein the light-emitting source comprises a bare LED die.
25. The display of claim 23 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light,
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region.
26. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light,
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region.
27. The illumination apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the in-coupling region comprises a first plurality of scattering impurities, the out-coupling region comprises a second plurality of scattering impurities, and the propagation region is substantially free of scattering impurities.
28. The illumination apparatus of claim 27 , wherein at least one of a concentration, a size, or a type of the second plurality of scattering impurities varies along at least one dimension of the out-coupling region.
29. The illumination apparatus of claim 28 , wherein at least one of the concentration, the size, or the type of the second plurality of scattering impurities increases as a function of distance from the in-coupling region.
30. The illumination apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the first surface in the out-coupling region.
31. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide substantially perpendicular to the first surface.
32. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the photoluminescent material is disposed sufficiently remotely from the light-emitting source so as to be substantially unaffected by heat emitted by the light-emitting source.
33. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the source light comprises at least one of blue light or ultraviolet light.
34. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the output light comprises substantially white light.
35. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the light-emitting source comprises a bare LED die.
36. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide opposite the first surface.
37. The illumination apparatus of claim 36 , further comprising a printed circuit board proximate the second surface of the waveguide, wherein the light-emitting source is electrically connected to the printed circuit board.
38. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate the first surface.
39. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the photoluminescent material is dispersed throughout substantially all of the waveguide.
40. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises a plurality of particles.
41. The illumination apparatus of claim 40 , wherein the plurality of particles scatter source light.
42. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising an encapsulation disposed between the light-emitting source and the waveguide, wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the encapsulation.
43. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the waveguide is substantially planar.
44. The illumination apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide substantially perpendicular to the first surface.
45. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the source light comprises at least one of blue light or ultraviolet light.
46. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the output light comprises substantially white light.
47. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the light-emitting source comprises a bare LED die.
48. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide opposite the first surface.
49. The illumination apparatus of claim 48 , further comprising a printed circuit board proximate the second surface of the waveguide, wherein the light-emitting source is electrically connected to the printed circuit board.
50. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate the first surface.
51. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the photoluminescent material is dispersed throughout substantially all of the waveguide.
52. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises a plurality of particles.
53. The illumination apparatus of claim 52 , wherein the plurality of particles scatter source light.
54. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , further comprising an encapsulation disposed between the light-emitting source and the waveguide, wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the encapsulation.
55. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the waveguide is substantially planar.
56. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light,
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region.
57. The illumination apparatus of claim 56 , wherein the in-coupling region comprises a first plurality of scattering impurities, the out-coupling region comprises a second plurality of scattering impurities, and the propagation region is substantially free of scattering impurities.
58. The illumination apparatus of claim 57 , wherein at least one of a concentration, a size, or a type of the second plurality of scattering impurities varies along at least one dimension of the out-coupling region.
59. The illumination apparatus of claim 58 , wherein at least one of the concentration, the size, or the type of the second plurality of scattering impurities increases as a function of distance from the in-coupling region.
60. The illumination apparatus of claim 56 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the first surface in the out-coupling region.
61. The illumination apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide substantially perpendicular to the first surface.
62. The method of claim 21 , wherein the source light comprises at least one of blue light or ultraviolet light.
63. The method of claim 21 , wherein the output light comprises substantially white light.
64. The method of claim 21 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate the first surface.
65. The method of claim 21 , wherein the photoluminescent material is dispersed throughout substantially all of the waveguide.
66. The method of claim 21 , wherein an encapsulation is disposed between the light-emitting source and the waveguide.
67. The method of claim 66 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the encapsulation.
68. The method of claim 21 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the first surface in the out-coupling region.