Process for the removal of heavy metals from gases, and compositions therefor and therewith
View Patent ↗A composition, containing vanadium and a support, wherein at least a portion of the vanadium has crystallite sizes of less than about 100 Å as determined by an analytical method such as X-Ray Diffraction, is disclosed. A method of preparing such composition is also disclosed. The composition is employed in a process to remove a heavy metal from a gaseous feed stream which can optionally include a separate mercury adsorption stage.
1. A composition prepared by the method of:
a) incorporating a vanadium compound onto, into, or onto and into a support selected from the group consisting of: 1) amorphous silica-alumina; 2) a zeolite; 3) a material comprising meta-kaolin, alumina, and expanded perlite; 4) alumina; and 5) combinations thereof, in the presence of an oxidizing agent and a solvent, to thereby form a vanadium incorporated support; and
b) calcining said vanadium incorporated support at a calcination temperature; wherein said calcination temperature is sufficient to volatilize and remove substantially all of the solvent; and wherein said calcination temperature is below the temperature which would result in the conversion of greater than about 90 weight percent of the vanadium to vanadium-and-oxygen-containing crystallites greater than about 100 Å in size, to thereby form said composition.
2. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said solvent is an aqueous solution of oxalic acid.
3. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vanadium incorporated support is calcined for a time period in the range of from about 0.1 to about 24 hours.
4. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vanadium is present in said composition, on elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 0.5 to about 50 wt. percent, based on a total weight of said composition.
5. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vanadium is present in said composition, on elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 20 wt. percent, based on a total weight of said composition.
6. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vanadium is present in said composition, on elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 1.5 to about 15 wt. percent, based on a total weight of said composition.
7. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
8. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said vanadium compound is selected from the group consisting of: 1) ammonium metavanadate, 2) an alkali metavanadate of the formula MVO 3 , wherein M can be an alkali metal selected from Group IA, and combinations thereof; and 3) combinations of any two or more thereof.
9. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said support comprises alumina, meta-kaolin, and expanded perlite; and wherein said support is prepared by the method of:
1) adding said expanded perlite to a mixture of said alumina and water to thereby form a second mixture;
2) adding meta-kaolin to said second mixture to thereby form a third mixture;
3) adding a dispersant to said third mixture to thereby form a fourth mixture; and
4) calcining said fourth mixture to thereby form said support.
10. A composition in accordance with claim 9 wherein said calcining of step 4) comprises heating said fourth mixture to a temperature in the range of from about 100° C. to about 200° C. for a first time period in the range of from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours; and subsequently heating said fourth mixture to a temperature in the range of from about 500° C. to about 750° C. for a second time period in the range of from about 0.5 hour to about 2 hours.
11. A method comprising;
a) incorporating a vanadium compound onto, into, or onto and into a support selected from the group consisting of: amorphous silica-alumina, a zeolite, a material comprising meta-kaolin, alumina, and expanded perlite, and combinations thereof, in the presence of an oxidizing agent and a solvent, to thereby form a vanadium incorporated support; and
b) calcining said vanadium incorporated support at a calcination temperature; wherein said calcination temperature is sufficient to volatilize and remove substantially all of the solvent; and wherein said calcination temperature is below the temperature which would result in the conversion of greater than about 90 weight percent of the vanadium to vanadium-and-oxygen-containing crystallites greater than about 100 Å in size, to thereby form said composition.
12. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said solvent is an aqueous solution of oxalic acid.
13. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said vanadium incorporated support is calcined for a time period in the range of from about 0.1 to about 24 hours.
14. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said vanadium is present in said composition, on elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 0.5 to about 50 wt. percent, based on the total weight of said composition.
15. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said vanadium is present in said composition, on elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 1.0 to about 20 wt. percent, based on the total weight of said composition.
16. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said vanadium is present in said composition, on elemental vanadium basis, in an amount in the range of from about 1.5 to about 15 wt. percent, based on the total weight of said composition.
17. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said oxidizing agent is hydrogen peroxide.
18. A method in accordance with claim 11 wherein said vanadium compound is selected from the group consisting of: 1) ammonium metavanadate, 2) an alkali metavanadate of the formula MVO 3 , wherein M can be an alkali metal selected from Group IA, and combinations thereof; and 3) combinations of any two or more thereof.