Composition and method for making a proppant

1. A proppant comprising at least two layers, wherein said at least two layers have a thermal expansion coefficient that is different from each other, and said at least two layers are ceramic layers, wherein each layer of said at least two layers has a thickness of 15 to 120 microns, wherein said proppant further comprises a template sphere having said at least two layers located as layers on said template sphere, wherein at least one of said ceramic layers comprises a ceramic layer surface that comprises a ceramic material or oxide thereof, or a metal oxide, wherein said ceramic layer surface has an average grain size of 1 micron or less, wherein said proppant is hollow, porous, or a closed foam network, and has a crush strength of 1,500 psi or greater.

2. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said thermal expansion coefficient generates a residual compressive strain field in said at least two layers.

3. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said template sphere has at least one void within the interior of the template sphere.

4. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said proppant has a specific gravity of from 0.6 g/cc to about 2.5 g/cc, and said proppant is spherical and has a sphericity of at least about 0.9.

5. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said proppant comprises a hollow cenosphere.

6. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said proppant has an overall diameter of from about 90 microns to about 1,600 microns.

7. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said proppant comprises an aluminate.

8. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said crush strength is from 5,000 psi to 10,000 psi.

9. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said average grain size is 0.1 micron to 0.5 micron.

10. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said surface has a maximum grain size of 1 micron.

11. A method of treating a subterranean producing zone penetrated by a well bore comprising the steps of: (a) preparing or providing a treating fluid that comprises a hydrocarbon or water carrier fluid having the proppant of claim 1 suspended therein, and (b) pumping said treating fluid into said subterranean producing zone whereby proppants are deposited therein.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein said treating fluid is a fracturing fluid and said proppants are deposited in fractures formed in said subterranean producing zone.

13. A proppant formulation comprising the proppant of claim 1 and a carrier.

14. The proppant formulation of claim 13 , wherein said carrier is water or brine.

15. A method to prop open subterranean formation fractions comprising introducing the proppant formulation of claim 13 into said subterranean formation.

16. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said proppant is hollow.

17. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said proppant is porous.

18. The proppant of claim 1 , further comprising a template sphere having at least one void within the interior of the template sphere and said template sphere having a Krumbein sphericity of at least about 0.3 and a roundness of at least about 0.1, said proppant having a Krumbein sphericity of at least about 0.5 and a roundness of at least about 0.4, and a continuous sintered shell around the entire outer surface of said template sphere, and wherein said shell comprises a ceramic material or oxide thereof and optionally said template sphere comprises a material capable of withstanding sintering at a temperature of 700° C. for 30 minutes, in air or an oxidizing atmosphere.

19. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said one of said two layers comprises a reinforcement material.

20. The proppant of claim 19 , wherein said reinforcement material is carbon black, fiberglass, carbon fibers, ceramic whiskers, ceramic particulates, metallic particles, or any combination thereof.

21. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said one of said at least two layers comprises a metal oxide, metal carbide, metal nitride, or any combination thereof.

22. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said one of said at least two layers comprises a zirconium oxide, a zirconium carbide, a zirconium nitride, or any combination thereof.

23. The proppant of claim 22 , wherein said one of said at least two layers further comprises magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, cerium oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, or any combination thereof.

24. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said one of said at least two layers comprises a metal oxide, a metal carbide, a metal nitride, or any combination thereof, along with calcium, yttrium, lanthanum, barium, magnesium, silicon, titanium, tungsten, aluminum, boron, or any combination thereof.

25. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said one of said at least two layers is surface modified and has present silicon oxide, sodium oxide, potassium oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, lithium oxide, iron oxide, or any combination thereof.

26. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein one of said at least two layers comprises silica, mullite, cordierite, spodumene, or any combination thereof.

27. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein one of least said two layers comprises aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, or any combination thereof.

28. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said template sphere is a composite of multiple particles.

29. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said template sphere is a single non-composite sphere.

30. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said at least two layers are different from each other with respect to composition of each layer.

31. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein said at least two layers are different from each other with respect to thickness of each layer.

32. A method of forming the proppant of claim 1 , comprising providing a template sphere in green state, and forming said at least two layers on said template, and sintering said template sphere and at least two layers to form or consolidate said template and said at least two layers.

33. The proppant of claim 1 , wherein at least one of said two layers comprises a microcrystalline shell structure.