Liquid water sensor signal conditioning circuit for use in PEM fuel cells
A measurement circuit that has particular application for detecting a high impedance measurement signal from a liquid water sensor. The measurement circuit includes a high impedance resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit that is coupled to the sensor and receives a resistance signal therefrom. The resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit includes an oscillator that converts the resistance signal to a representative frequency. The measurement circuit also includes a frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit that receives the frequency signal from the resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit, and converts the frequency signal to a representative voltage that provides an indication of water on the sensor.
1. A measurement circuit for providing a voltage output from a resistance sensor, said measurement circuit comprising:
a resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit electrically coupled to the sensor and providing an AC excitation signal to the sensor, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit being responsive to a resistance signal from the sensor that is to be measured, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit including an oscillator amplifier having a first input coupled to the sensor and an output coupled to the sensor, said oscillation amplifier generating a sinusoidal frequency signal having a frequency that changes based on the resistance of the resistance signal, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit further including a comparator amplifier having a first input coupled to the output of the oscillator amplifier, a second input coupled to a second input of the oscillator amplifier and an output coupled to the first input of the oscillator amplifier, said comparator amplifier being a feedback amplifier that converts the sinusoidal frequency signal from the oscillator amplifier to a square wave signal of the same frequency and causes the oscillator amplifier to be a self-oscillating circuit to provide the AC excitation signal to the sensor; and
a frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit responsive to the square wave signal from the comparator oscillator, said frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit converting the frequency signal to a representative voltage signal.
2. The circuit according to claim 1 wherein a signal line coupling the sensor to the first input of the oscillator amplifier and a signal line coupling the sensor to the output of the oscillator amplifier include capacitors to provide DC voltage isolation of the oscillator amplifier.
3. The circuit according to claim 1 wherein the sensor is a liquid water sensor having a relatively high impedance.
4. The circuit according to claim 3 wherein the sensor senses water in a flow channel of a fuel cell.
5. The circuit according to claim 3 wherein the sensor includes a pair of electrode strips separated by a gap where the liquid water lays across the electrode strips and changes the resistance of the sensor where the resistance of the sensor is reduced depending on how much of the length of the strips is covered by liquid water.
6. The circuit according to claim 3 wherein the sensor has an impedance of about 1 megaohm.
7. The circuit according to claim 1 wherein the oscillator amplifier is calibrated so that the oscillator amplifier provides about a 4 kHz signal when the resistance of the sensor is at its highest and about a 15 kHz signal when the resistance of the sensor is at its lowest.
8. The circuit according to claim 1 wherein the frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit is calibrated to provide a 1 volt output when the resistance of the sensor is at its highest and about a 5 volt output when the resistance of the sensor is at its lowest.
9. A measurement circuit for providing a voltage output from a resistance sensor, said measurement circuit comprising:
a resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit electrically coupled to the sensor and providing an excitation signal to the sensor, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit being responsive to a resistance signal from the sensor that is to be measured, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit including an oscillator coupled to the sensor that converts the resistance signal to a frequency signal having a frequency that changes based on the resistance of the resistance signal, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit further including a comparator having a first input coupled to an output of the oscillator, a second input coupled to a first input of the oscillator and an output coupled to a second input of the oscillator, said comparator converting the frequency signal from the oscillator to a converted frequency signal; and
a frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit responsive to the converted frequency signal from the resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit, said frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit converting the converted frequency signal to a representative voltage signal.
10. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein the oscillator in the resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit is an oscillator amplifier where the second input of the oscillator amplifier is coupled to the sensor and the output of the oscillator amplifier is coupled to the sensor, said comparator being a feedback amplifier that converts the frequency signal from the oscillator amplifier to a square wave signal and causes the oscillator amplifier to be a self-oscillating circuit to provide the excitation signal to the sensor.
11. The circuit according to claim 10 wherein a signal line coupling the sensor to the second input of the oscillator amplifier and a signal line coupling the sensor to the output of the oscillator amplifier include a capacitor to provide DC voltage isolation of the oscillator amplifier.
12. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein the sensor is a liquid water sensor having a relatively high impedance.
13. The circuit according to claim 12 wherein the sensor senses water in a flow channel of a fuel cell.
14. The circuit according to claim 12 wherein the sensor includes a pair of electrode strips separated by a gap where the liquid water lays across the electrode strips and changes the resistance of the sensor where the resistance of the sensor is reduced depending on how much of the length of the strips are covered by liquid water.
15. The circuit according to claim 12 wherein the sensor has an impedance of about 1 megaohm.
16. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein the oscillator is calibrated so that the oscillator provides about a 4 kHz frequency signal when the resistance of the sensor is at its highest and about a 15 kHz frequency signal when the resistance of the sensor is at its lowest.
17. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein the frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit is calibrated to provide a 1 volt output when the resistance of the sensor is at its highest and about a 5 volt output when the resistance of the sensor is at its lowest.
18. The circuit according to claim 9 wherein the excitation signal provided to the sensor is an AC excitation signal.
19. A measurement circuit for providing a voltage output for a liquid water resistance sensor having a relatively high impedance, said resistance sensor being positioned in a flow channel of a fuel cell to sense liquid water therein, said measurement circuit comprising:
a resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit electrically coupled to the sensor and providing an AC excitation signal to the sensor, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit being responsive to a resistance signal from the sensor that is to be measured, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit including an oscillator amplifier having a first input coupled to the sensor and an output coupled to the sensor, said oscillation amplifier generating a sinusoidal frequency signal having a frequency that changes based on the resistance of the resistance signal, said resistance-to-frequency conversion circuit further including a comparator amplifier having a first input coupled to the output of the oscillator amplifier, a second input coupled to a second input of the oscillator amplifier and an output coupled to the first input of the oscillator amplifier, said comparator amplifier being a feedback amplifier that converts the sinusoidal frequency signal from the oscillator amplifier to a square wave signal of the same frequency and causes the amplifier to be a self-oscillating circuit to provide the AC excitation signal to the sensor;
a first capacitor provided in a signal line coupling the sensor to the first input of the oscillator amplifier and a second capacitor provided in a signal line coupling the sensor to the output of the oscillator amplifier, said first and second capacitors providing DC voltage isolation for the oscillator amplifier; and
a frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit responsive to the square wave signal from the comparator oscillator, said frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit converting the frequency signal to a representative voltage signal.
20. The circuit according to claim 19 wherein the oscillator amplifier is calibrated so that the oscillator amplifier provides about a 4 kHz signal when the resistance of the sensor is at its highest and about a 15 kHz signal when the resistance of the sensor is at its lowest, and wherein the frequency-to-voltage conversion circuit is calibrated to provide a 1 volt output when the oscillator circuit generates the 4 kHz frequency signal and a 5 volt output when the oscillator amplifier generates the 15 kHz frequency signal.