Methods for the production of silver nanowires
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to novel methods for the solution-based production of silver nanowires by adaptation of the polyol process. Some embodiments of the present invention can be practiced at lower temperature and/or at higher concentration than previously described methods. In some embodiments reactants are added in solid form rather than in solution. In some embodiments, an acid compound is added to the reaction.
1. A method for the production of silver nanowires comprising reacting:
i) at least one polyol;
ii) at least one silver compound capable of producing silver metal when reduced; and
iii) at least one organic protective agent (OPA);
as reactants in a reaction at a reaction temperature and under conditions that produce a product solution comprising at least 10 weight percent (10 wgt %) silver nanowires as compared with a weight percent of all other silver nanostructures in the product solution;
a) wherein a ratio of total moles of silver (either as an ion or as metal) to a total volume of polyol or polyols (in liters) in the product solution is greater than or equal to 0.1 molar; and
b) wherein a ratio of a molar concentration of the organic protective agent to a molar concentration of the silver (either as an ion or as metal) in the product solution is less than or equal to 10:1.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the weight percent of silver nanowires, as compared with a weight percent of all other nanostructures in the product solution, is at least 25 weight percent (25 wgt %).
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silver nanowires have an aspect ratio of at least 150.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction temperature is within the range of about 100° C. to about 145° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic protective agent is added to the reaction as an OPA solution comprising the organic protective agent in an OPA solvent, wherein the concentration of the organic protective agent in the solution is in the range of about 0.025 molar to about 5.0 molar.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silver compound is added to the reaction as a silver solution comprising the silver compound in a silver solvent and the organic protective agent is added to the reaction as an OPA solution comprising the organic protective agent in an OPA solvent and wherein the ratio of the molar concentration of the organic protective agent in the OPA solvent to the molar concentration of the silver compound in the silver solvent is in the range of about 10:1 to 0.5:1.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silver compound is added to the reaction in solid form.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic protective agent (OPA) is added to the reaction in solid form.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silver compound is added to the reaction as a silver solution comprising the silver compound in a silver solvent, wherein the molar concentration of the silver compound in the silver solution is in the range of about 0.1 molar to about 3.0 molar.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic protective agent is added to the reaction as an OPA solution comprising the organic protective agent in an OPA solvent, wherein the concentration of the organic protective agent in the solution is in the range of about 0.025 molar to about 5.0 molar.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises reacting a compound or compounds selected from the group consisting of:
i) at least one compound comprising halide ion;
ii) least one compound comprising Fe(II) and/or Fe(III); and
iii) nitric acid.
12. A method for the production of silver nanowires comprising:
i) mixing as reactants for a reaction: a) at least one silver compound capable of producing silver metal when reduced; b) at least one polyol; and c) at least one organic protective agent; and
ii) reacting the mixture at a reaction temperature and under conditions that produce a product solution comprising at least 10 weight percent (10 wgt %) silver nanowires as compared with a weight percent of all other silver nanostructures in the product solution;
a) wherein a ratio of total moles of silver (either as an ion or as metal) to a total volume of polyol or polyols (in liters) in the product solution is greater than or equal to 0.1 molar; and
b) wherein a ratio of a molar concentration of the organic protective agent to a molar concentration of the silver (either as an ion or as metal) in the product solution is less than or equal to 10:1.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the silver compound is in solid form when mixed rather than mixed as a silver solution.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the organic protective agent (OPA) is in solid form when mixed rather than mixed as an OPA solution.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the method further comprises reacting a compound or compounds selected from the group consisting of:
i) at least one compound comprising halide ion;
ii) least one compound comprising Fe(II) and/or Fe(III); and
iii) nitric acid.
16. A method for the production of silver nanowires comprising reacting as reactants in a reaction a mixture of:
i) at least one polyol;
ii) at least one silver compound capable of producing silver metal when reduced; and
iii) at least one organic protective agent (OPA);
at a reaction temperature and under conditions that produce silver nanowires, wherein the silver compound is in solid form when mixed with other reactants rather than mixed as a silver solution.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the reaction produces a product solution comprising at least 10 weight percent (10 wgt %) silver nanowires as compared with a weight percent of all other silver nanostructures in the product solution.
18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising reacting at least one acid compound.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises reacting a compound or compounds selected from the group consisting of:
i) at least one compound comprising halide ion;
ii) least one compound comprising Fe(II) and/or Fe(III); and
iii) nitric acid.
20. The method of claim 16 , wherein reacting the reactants produces a product solution comprising at least 10 weight percent (10 wgt %) silver nanowires as compared with a weight percent of all other silver nanostructures in the product solution wherein the reaction produces bulk silver nanowire product having an AR weighted average that is at least 125.