Fused hetrocyclic compounds

1. A method for treating an interleukin-12 overproduction-related disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of according to formula (V), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; wherein,

A 2 is —X—R′-L′-R″ and A 1 is a group represented by the following formula:

Ring D is a phenyl which may be further substituted with one or more substituents;

U and V are each, N;

Z is N;

W is O;

u is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;

X is O, S, S(O), S(O) 2 , N(R k ), C(O), C(S), C(S)NR k , C(NR), C(NR)NR k , C(O)NR k , C(O)NR k NR k , C(O)ONR k , C(O)NR k O, C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, (C(R g )(R g )) m , (C(R g )(R g )) m NR k , (C(R g )(R g )) m O, (C(R g )(R g )) m S(O) p , (C(R g )(R g )) m N═C(R g ), C(R g )═N, C(R g )═N—O, C(R g )═N—S(O) p , C(R g )═N—NR k , C(R g )═N—C(CR g ) 2 , (C(R g )(R g )) m C(R g )═N, (C(R g )(R g )) m N═N, (C(R g )(R g )) m C(R g )═C(R g ), C(R g )═C(R g ), N═C(R g ), N(R k )N═C(R g ), N(R k )C(R g )═N, N(R k )C(R g )═C(R g ), N═N, N(R k )N═N, NR k C(O)NR k , NR k C(S)NR k , NR k C(O), NR k C(O)O, NR k C(NR)NR k , NR k C(S)O, NR k S(O) p NR k , OC(O)NR k , OC(S)NR k , OC(NR)NR k , OS(O) p NR k , C(NR)O, S(O) p NR k , or S(O) p NR k NR k ;

R, for each occurrence, is independently H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, —C(O)R c , —OR k , —SR k , —NR h R j , hydroxylalkyl, nitro, cyano, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, or —S(O) 2 R c ;

R′ is an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or absent;

L′ is O, S, S(O), S(O) 2 , N(R k ), C(O), C(S), C(S)NR k , C(NR), C(NR)NR k , C(O)NR k , C(O)NR k NR k , C(O)ONR k , C(O)NR k O, C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, (C(R g )(R g )) m , (C(R g )(R g )) m NR k , (C(R g )(R g )) m O, (C(R g )(R g )) m S(O) p , (C(R g )(R g )) m N═C(R g ), C(R g )═N, C(R g )═N—O, C(R g )═N—S(O) p , C(R g )═N—NR k , C(R g )═N—C(CR g ) 2 , (C(R g )(R g )) m C(R g )═N, (C(R g )(R g )) m N═N, (C(R g )(R g )) m C(R g )═C(R g ), C(R g )═C(R g ), N═C(R g ), N(R k )N═C(R g ), N(R k )C(R g )═N, N(R k )C(R g )═C(R g ), N═N, N(R k )N═N, NR k C(O)NR k , NR k C(S)NR k , NR k C(O), NR k C(O)O, NR k C(NR)NR k , NR k C(S)O, NR k S(O) p NR k , OC(O)NR k , OC(S)NR k , OC(NR)NR k , OS(O) p NR k , C(NR)O, S(O) p NR k , S(O) p NR k NR k or absent; and

R″ is H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, N(R k )(CH 2 ) n R g , —OR k , —SR k , —NR h R j , hydroxylalkyl, —C(O)R c , —C(S)R c , —C(NR)R c , halo, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyano, nitro, —S(O)R c , —S(O) 2 R c , —P(O)R c R c , —P(S)R c R c , or an optionally substituted alkylcarbonylalkyl;

Y is (CH(R g )) m , C(O), C(NR), O, S, S(O), S(O) 2 , N(R k ), or absent,

R 3 is R g , —C(O)R c , —OC(O)R c , —SC(O)R c , —NR k C(O)R c , —C(S)R c , —OC(S)R c , —SC(S)R c , —NR k C(S)R c , —C(NR)R c , —OC(NR)R c , —SC(NR)R c , —NR k C(NR)R c , —SO 2 R c , —S(O)R c , —NR k SO 2 R c , —OS(O) 2 R c , —OP(O)R c R c , or —P(O)R c R c ;

R 2 and R 4 are, independently for each occurrence, H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkylcarbonyl, —OR k , —SR k , —NR h R j , hydroxylalkyl, —C(O)R c , —OC(O)R c , —SC(O)R c , —NR k C(O)R c , —C(S)R c , —OC(S)R c , —SC(S)R c , —NR k C(S)R c , —C(NR)R c , —OC(NR)R c , —SC(NR)R c , —NR k C(NR)R c , —SO 2 R c , —S(O)R c , —NR k SO 2 R c , —OS(O) 2 R c , —OP(O)R c R c , —P(O)R c R c , halo, haloalkyl, aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyano, nitro, nitroso, azide, an optionally substituted alkylcarbonylalkyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, or isothionitro; or R 2 and R 4 taken together are ═O, ═S, or ═NR;

R c , for each occurrence, is independently, H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, —OR k , —SR k , —NR h R j , hydroxylalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, aminoalkyl, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, or thioalkoxy;

R g , for each occurrence, is independently, H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, haloalkyl, —OR k , —SR k , —NR h R j , hydroxylalkyl, alkylcarbonylalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, aminoalkyl, sulfonylalkyl, sulfonylaryl, thioalkoxy, —C(O)R c , —OC(O)R c , —SC(O)R c , —NR k C(O)R c , —C(S)R c , —OC(S)R c , —SC(S)R c , —NR k C(S)R c , —C(NR)R c , —OC(NR)R c , —SC(NR)R c , —NR k C(NR)R c , —SO 2 R c , —S(O)R c , —NR k SO 2 R c , —OS(O) 2 R c , —OP(O)R c R c , —P(O)R c R c , halo, aminoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl, cyano, nitro, nitroso, or azide;

R h and R j , for each occurrence, are independently H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl; or R h and R j taken together with the N to which they are attached is an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or an optionally substituted heteroaryl;

R k , for each occurrence, is independently H, an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted alkenyl, an optionally substituted alkynyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted aralkyl, an optionally substituted heteroaralkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl;

G is:

Hydrazide;

Hydrazone;

Hydrazine;

Hydroxylamine;

Oxime;

Amide;

Ester;

Carbonate;

Carbamate;

Thiocarbamate;

—NR k —C(NR)—NR k —;

—NR k —C(O)—NR k —;

—NR k —C(S)—NR k —;

—NR k —S(O) 2 —NR k —;

Phosphoryl;

an optionally substituted -Cyclyl-;

an optionally substituted -Heterocyclyl-;

an optionally substituted -Aryl-;

an optionally substituted -Heteroaryl-;

an optionally substituted -Heteroarylalkyl-;

an optionally substituted -Heteroaryl-NR k —;

an optionally substituted -Heteroaryl-S—;

an optionally substituted -Heteroarylalkyl-O—;

—Si(OR k ) 2 —;

—B(OR k )—

—C(NR)—NR k —;

—N(R k )—CRgR g —C(O)—;

—C(O)—ON(R k )—;

—C(O)—N(R k )O—;

—C(S)—ON(R k )—;

—C(S)—N(R k )O—;

—C(N(R k ))—ON(R k )—;

—C(N(R k ))—NR k O—;

—OS(O) 2 —N(R k )N(R k )—;

—OC(O)—N(R k )N(R k )—;

—OC(S)—N(R k )N(R k )—;

—OC(N(R k ))—N(R k )N(R k )—;

—N(R k )N(R k )S(O) 2 O—;

—N(R k )N(R k )C(S)O—;

—N(R k )N(R k )C(N(R k ))O—;

—OP(O)(R c )O—;

—N(R k )P(O)(R c )O—;

—OP(O)(R c )N(R k )—;

—N(R k )P(O)(R c )N(R k )—;

—P(O)(R c )O—;

—P(O)(R c )N(R k )—;

—N(R k )P(O)(R c )—;

—OP(O)(R c )—;

—O-alkyl-heterocyclyl-N(R k )—;

—N(R k )CHR g C(O)N(R k )CHR g C(O)—;

—N(R k )CHR g C(O)—;

—N(R k )C(O)CHR g —;

—C(O)N(R k )CHR g C(O)—;

or absent, each of which is optionally substituted;

m, for each occurrence, is independently 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8;

n, for each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;

p, for each occurrence, is independently 0, 1, or 2;

wherein, in formula (V), when G is absent, then R 3 is an optionally substituted alkyl, an optionally substituted aryl, an optionally substituted heteroaryl, an optionally substituted cycloalkyl, an optionally substituted cyclyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocyclyl, nitro, cyano, halo, OR k , SR k , or NR h R j ; and

wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of multiple sclerosis, sepsis, myasthenia gravis, autoimmune neuropathies, Guillain-Barré syndrome, autoimmune uveitis, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pernicious anemia, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, temporal arteritis, anti-phospholipid syndrome, vasculitides, Wegener's granulomatosis, Behcet's disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus vulgaris, vitiligo, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, myelofibrosis, hepatic fibrosis, myocarditis, thyroditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, immune-mediated diabetes mellitus, Grave's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, autoimmune oophoritis and orchitis, autoimmune disease of the adrenal gland; rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, spondyloarthropathies, ankylosing spondylitis, Sjogren's syndrome and graft-versus-host disease.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the disorder is rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, psoriasis, or immune-mediated diabetes mellitus.