Reduced carbon footprint steam generation processes
Processes for the generation of steam are provided for use in an integrated catalytic gasification process for converting carbonaceous materials to combustible gases, such as methane. Generally, the exhaust gas from a steam generating reactor is provided along with steam, a carbonaceous feedstock, and a gasification catalyst, to a catalytic gasifier, wherein under appropriate temperature and pressure conditions, the carbonaceous feedstock is converted into a plurality of product gases, including, but not limited to, methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. As substantially all the carbon dioxide produced from the steam generation process and the gasification process are subsequently directed though gas purification and separation processes, substantially all the carbon dioxide may be recovered, yielding a process having a near zero carbon footprint.
1. A process for generating steam and a plurality of gaseous products from a carbonaceous feedstock and recovering carbon dioxide, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying a first carbonaceous feedstock to a reactor, the reactor in communication with a gasifier;
(b) at least partially combusting first carbonaceous feedstock in the reactor to generate (i) heat energy and (ii) a first gas stream comprising carbon dioxide;
(c) utilizing the heat energy to generate steam;
(d) introducing at least a portion of the steam, the first gas stream, a second carbonaceous feedstock, and an alkali metal gasification catalyst to a gasifier;
(e) reacting the second carbonaceous feedstock in the gasifier in the presence of the steam and the alkali metal gasification catalyst and under suitable temperature and pressure to form a second gas stream comprising a plurality of gaseous products comprising methane, carbon dioxide and one or more gases selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other higher hydrocarbons;
(f) at least partially separating the plurality of gaseous products to produce (i) a third gas stream comprising carbon dioxide and (ii) a fourth gas stream comprising a predominant amount of one of the gaseous products other than carbon dioxide;
(g) recovering the third gas stream; and
(h) recovering the fourth gas stream,
wherein the third gas stream includes carbon dioxide formed in steps (b) and (e).
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the third gas stream includes substantially all of the carbon dioxide formed in steps (b) and (e).
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first carbonaceous feedstock is in a form of an aqueous slurry.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first, second or both carbonaceous feedstocks comprise biomass.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first gas stream further comprises carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is a gasifier or an oxygen combuster.
7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the gasification catalyst comprises a source of at least one alkali metal and is present in an amount sufficient to provide, in the biomass feedstock, a ratio of alkali metal atoms to carbon atoms ranging from 0.01 to about 0.08.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the steam is generated within the reactor.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the heat energy is transferred to a heat exchanger which generates steam upon contact with water.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the fourth gas stream comprises a predominant amount of methane.
11. A process for generating steam, electricity and a plurality of gaseous products from carbonaceous feedstock and recovering carbon dioxide, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying a first carbonaceous feedstock to a reactor, the reactor in communication with a gasifier;
(b) at least partially combusting first carbonaceous feedstock in the reactor to generate (i) heat energy and (ii) a first gas stream comprising carbon dioxide;
(c) contacting water with the heat energy to generate steam;
(d) dividing the steam into a first steam stream and a second steam stream;
(e) introducing the first steam stream, the first gas stream, a second carbonaceous feedstock, and an alkali metal gasification catalyst to a gasifier;
(f) introducing the second steam stream to a steam turbine to generate electricity;
(g) reacting the second carbonaceous feedstock in the gasifier in the presence of the steam and the alkali metal gasification catalyst and under suitable temperature and pressure to form a second gas stream comprising a plurality of gaseous products comprising methane, carbon dioxide and one or more gases selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and other higher hydrocarbons;
(h) at least partially separating the plurality of gaseous products to produce (i) a third gas stream comprising carbon dioxide and (ii) a fourth gas stream comprising a predominant amount of one of the gaseous products other than carbon dioxide;
(i) recovering the third gas stream; and
(j) recovering the fourth gas stream,
wherein the third gas stream includes carbon dioxide formed in steps (b) and (g).
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the third gas stream includes substantially all of the carbon dioxide formed in steps (b) and (g).
13. The process of claim 11 , wherein the first carbonaceous feedstock is in a form of an aqueous slurry.
14. The process of any claim 11 , wherein the first, second or both carbonaceous feedstocks comprise biomass.
15. The process of claim 11 , wherein the first gas stream further comprises carbon monoxide and hydrogen.
16. The process of claim 11 , wherein the reactor is a gasifier or an oxygen combuster.
17. The process of claim 11 , wherein the gasification catalyst comprises a source of at least one alkali metal and is present in an amount sufficient to provide, in the biomass feedstock, a ratio of alkali metal atoms to carbon atoms ranging from 0.01 to about 0.08.
18. The process of claim 11 , wherein the steam is generated within the reactor.
19. The process of claim 11 , wherein the heat energy is transferred to a heat exchanger which generates steam upon contact with water.
20. The process of claim 11 , wherein the fourth gas stream comprises a predominant amount of methane.