Isolation circuit for transmitting AC power to a high-voltage region

1. An electrical system comprising:

a first transformer subsystem comprising

a first transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, and

a second transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the second transformer coupled to the secondary winding of the first transformer to form a first inter-transformer coupling; and

a voltage apparatus configured to apply

a first DC voltage between the primary winding of the first transformer and the first inter-transformer coupling, and

a second DC voltage between the first inter-transformer coupling and the secondary winding of the second transformer, thereby imposing a predetermined voltage distribution over the first transformer subsystem,

wherein the first and second DC voltages sum to greater than 250 kV.

2. The electrical system of claim 1 wherein

the first transformer subsystem further includes a third transformer having a core, a primary winding and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the third transformer coupled to the secondary winding of the second transformer to form a second inter-transformer coupling, and

the voltage apparatus is further configured to apply a third DC voltage between the second inter-transformer coupling and the secondary winding of the third transformer.

3. The electrical system of claim 1 wherein the first transformer subsystem further includes respective conductive shields surrounding each of:

the primary winding of the first transformer,

the secondary winding of the first transformer,

the primary winding of the second transformer, and

the secondary winding of the second transformer, and

the voltage apparatus is configured to apply the first DC voltage between the conductive shields surrounding the primary and secondary windings of the first transformer and to apply the second DC voltage between the conductive shields surrounding the primary and secondary windings of the second transformer.

4. The electrical system of claim 1 wherein the first and second DC voltages sum to greater than 450 kV.

5. The electrical system of claim 1 wherein the first and second DC voltages are substantially equal.

6. The electrical system of claim 2 wherein the first, second and third DC voltages sum to greater than 600 kV.

7. The electrical system of claim 1 further comprising:

an ac source configured to supply power to the primary winding of the first transformer; and

an enclosure, in which the second transformer is disposed, electrically connected to the secondary winding of the second transformer.

8. The electrical system of claim 1 further comprising:

a second transformer subsystem including a third transformer having a core, a primary winding and secondary winding and a fourth transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the fourth transformer coupled to the secondary winding of the third transformer to form a second inter-transformer coupling;

a third transformer subsystem including a fifth transformer having a core, a primary winding and secondary winding and a sixth transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the sixth transformer coupled to the secondary winding of the fifth transformer to form a third inter-transformer coupling; and

a multiphase power source configured to supply power of unique phases to the respective primary windings of each of the first, second and third transformer subsystems, wherein the voltage apparatus is further configured to impose the predetermined voltage distribution over the second and third transformer subsystems.

9. The electrical system of claim 8 further comprising a fourth transformer subsystem including a seventh transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding and an eighth transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, wherein the multiphase power source is configured to supply power of unique phases to the respective primary windings of each of the first, second, third, and fourth transformer subsystems and the voltage apparatus is configured to impose the predetermined voltage distribution over the fourth transformer subsystem.

10. The electrical system of claim 1 further comprising:

an appliance configured to hold a semiconductor wafer;

an acceleration column having proximal and distal ends with respect to the appliance, the proximal end being electrically connected to one of the primary winding of the first transformer and the secondary winding of the second transformer, and the distal end being electrically connected to the other of the primary winding of the first transformer and the secondary winding of the second transformer;

an enclosure electrically connected to the secondary winding of the second transformer;

an ion source, disposed in the enclosure, configured to generate ions; and

an ac source configured to supply power to the primary winding of the first transformer.

11. The ion implanter of claim 10 wherein the first and second DC voltages sum to at least 300 kV.

12. The electrical system of claim 10 further comprising an extraction apparatus configured to apply an extraction voltage between the ion source and the enclosure.

13. The electrical system of claim 10 wherein the second transformer is disposed in the enclosure.

14. The electrical system of claim 10 wherein the ion source is configured to generate ions of hydrogen or helium, the proximal end of the acceleration column is connected to the primary winding of the first transformer, the distal end of the acceleration column is connected to the secondary winding of the second transformer, and the acceleration column is configured to conduct ions of hydrogen or helium generated by the ion source to the appliance in an ion beam with augmentation of respective ion energies by the sum of the first and second DC voltages, so that ions of hydrogen or helium are implanted in the semiconductor wafer at a depth defining a cleave plane such that a lamina cleaved from the wafer by annealing is at least 1 μm thick and suitable for fabricating a photovoltaic device.

15. The electrical system of claim 14 wherein the first and second DC voltages sum to greater than 250 kV.

16. The electrical system of claim 14 wherein the ions of hydrogen or helium in the ion beam are implanted to a dose of at least 10 16 ions/cm 2 .

17. The electrical system of claim 14 wherein the ions of hydrogen or helium in the ion beam constitute a current of at least 20 mA.

18. The electrical system of claim 14 wherein the lamina has a thickness of at least 3 μm.

19. The electrical system of claim 1 further comprising an ac source configured to supply at least 75 kW to the primary winding of the first transformer.

20. An ion implanter comprising:

a first transformer subsystem comprising

a first transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, and

a second transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the second transformer coupled to the secondary winding of the first transformer to form a first inter-transformer coupling; and

a voltage apparatus configured to apply

a first DC voltage between the primary winding of the first transformer and the first inter-transformer coupling, and

a second DC voltage between the first inter-transformer coupling and the secondary winding of the second transformer, thereby imposing a predetermined voltage distribution over the first transformer subsystem; wherein the first and second DC voltages sum to greater than 250 kV;

an appliance configured to hold a semiconductor wafer;

an acceleration column having proximal and distal ends with respect to the appliance, the proximal end being electrically connected to one of the primary winding of the first transformer and the secondary winding of the second transformer, and the distal end being electrically connected to the other of the primary winding of the first transformer and the secondary winding of the second transformer;

an enclosure electrically connected to the secondary winding of the second transformer;

an ion source, disposed in the enclosure, configured to generate ions; and

an ac source configured to supply power to the primary winding of the first transformer.

21. An electrical system comprising:

a first transformer subsystem comprising

a first transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, and

a second transformer having a core, a primary winding, and a secondary winding, the primary winding of the second transformer coupled to the secondary winding of the first transformer to form a first inter-transformer coupling; and

a voltage apparatus configured to apply

a first DC voltage between the primary winding of the first transformer and the first inter-transformer coupling, and

a second DC voltage between the first inter-transformer coupling and the secondary winding of the second transformer, thereby imposing a predetermined voltage distribution over the first transformer subsystem, wherein the first and second DC voltages sum to greater than 250 kV, and

an ac source configured to supply at least 75 kW to the primary winding of the first transformer.