Processes for the separation of methane from a gas stream
Processes for the catalytic conversion of a carbonaceous composition into a gas stream comprising methane are provided. In addition, the processes provide for the generation of a hydrogen-enriched gas stream and, optionally, a carbon monoxide-enriched gas stream, which can be mixed or used separately as an energy source for subsequent catalytic gasification processes.
1. A process for converting a carbonaceous feedstock into a plurality of gaseous products contained in a gas stream, and for separating hydrogen and methane from the gas stream, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying a carbonaceous feedstock to a gasification reactor, wherein the carbonaceous feedstock includes a carbon source selected from the group consisting of coal, petroleum coke, asphaltene, liquid petroleum residue, biomass and mixtures thereof;
(b) reacting the carbonaceous feedstock in the gasification reactor in the presence of steam and a gasification catalyst and under suitable temperature and pressure to form a first gas stream comprising methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and one or more additional gaseous by-products;
(c) removing a substantial portion of the carbon dioxide and a substantial portion of the one or more additional gaseous by-products from the first gas stream to produce a second gas stream comprising methane, hydrogen, and optionally carbon monoxide;
(d) at least partially separating hydrogen from the second gas stream to form a hydrogen-enriched gas stream and a hydrogen-depleted gas stream, wherein the hydrogen-depleted gas stream comprises methane, optionally carbon monoxide and up to about 4 mol % hydrogen;
wherein, if the heating value of the hydrogen-depleted gas stream is less than 950 btu/scf (dry basis), and if the hydrogen-depleted gas stream comprises 1000 ppm or more of carbon monoxide: (1) at least partially separating carbon monoxide from the hydrogen-depleted gas stream to form (i) a carbon monoxide-enriched gas stream and (ii) a methane-enriched gas stream having a heating value of at least 950 btu/scf (dry basis); or (2) at least partially methanating the carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-depleted gas stream to form a methane-enriched gas stream.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the second gas stream comprises carbon monoxide, and the hydrogen-depleted gas stream comprises at least about 1000 ppm carbon monoxide.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-depleted gas stream is at least partially methanated to form a methane-enriched gas stream.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the gasification catalyst is an alkali metal gasification catalyst.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the alkali metal is potassium.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen is separated by passing the second gas stream through a hydrogen membrane separator.
7. A process for converting a carbonaceous feedstock into a plurality of gaseous products contained in a gas stream, and for separating hydrogen and methane from the gas stream, the process comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying a first carbonaceous feedstock to a reactor;
(b) at least partially combusting the first carbonaceous feedstock in the reactor in the presence of oxygen and under suitable temperature and pressure so as to generate (i) heat energy and (ii) a combustion gas stream comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide;
(c) using the heat energy from the combustion of the first carbonaceous feedstock to generate steam;
(d) introducing at least a portion of the steam, at least a portion of the combustion gas stream, a second carbonaceous feedstock and a gasification catalyst to a gasification reactor, wherein the second carbonaceous feedstock includes a carbon source selected from the group consisting of coal, petroleum coke, asphaltene, liquid petroleum residue, biomass and mixtures thereof;
(e) reacting the second carbonaceous feedstock in the gasification reactor in the presence of steam and the gasification catalyst under suitable temperature and pressure to form a first gas stream comprising methane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and one or more additional gaseous by-products;
(f) removing a substantial portion of the carbon dioxide and a substantial portion of the one or more gaseous by-products from the first gas stream to produce a second gas stream comprising methane, hydrogen and optionally carbon monoxide;
(g) at least partially separating hydrogen from the second gas stream to form a hydrogen-enriched gas stream and a hydrogen-depleted gas stream, wherein the hydrogen-depleted gas stream comprises methane, optionally carbon monoxide and up to about 4 mol % hydrogen;
wherein, if the heating value of the hydrogen-depleted gas stream is less than 950 btu/scf (dry basis), and if the hydrogen-depleted gas stream comprises 1000 ppm or more of carbon monoxide: (1) at least partially separating carbon monoxide from the hydrogen-depleted gas stream to form (i) a carbon monoxide-enriched gas stream and (ii) a methane enriched gas stream having a heating value of at least 950 btu/scf (dry basis); or (2) at least partially methanating the carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-depleted gas stream to form a methane-enriched gas stream.
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein the first carbonaceous feedstock and the second carbonaceous feedstock have substantially the same composition.
9. The process of claim 7 , wherein the first carbonaceous feedstock and the second carbonaceous feedstock have different compositions.
10. The process of claim 7 , wherein the first carbonaceous feedstock, the second carbonaceous feedstock, or both the first carbonaceous feedstock and the second carbonaceous feedstock are in a particulate form.
11. The process of claim 7 , wherein the first carbonaceous feedstock is in the form of an aqueous slurry.
12. The process of claim 7 , wherein the reactor is either a gasification reactor or an oxygen combustor.
13. The process of claim 7 , wherein, in step (c), the steam is generated within the reactor.
14. The process of claim 7 , wherein, in step (c), the heat energy is transferred to a heat exchanger which generates steam upon contact with water.
15. The process of claim 7 , wherein substantially all of the steam generated in step (c) is introduced into the gasification reactor.
16. The process of claim 7 , wherein the second gas stream comprises carbon monoxide, and the hydrogen-depleted gas stream comprises at least about 1000 ppm carbon monoxide.
17. The process of claim 16 , wherein the carbon monoxide in the hydrogen-depleted gas stream is at least partially methanated to form a methane-enriched gas stream.
18. The process of claim 7 , wherein the gasification catalyst is an alkali metal gasification catalyst.
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the alkali metal is potassium.
20. The process of claim 7 , wherein the hydrogen is separated by passing the second gas stream through a hydrogen membrane separator.