High-field synchrocyclotron
The magnetic field in an acceleration chamber defined by a magnet structure is shaped by shaping the poles of a magnetic yoke and/or by providing additional magnetic coils to produce a magnetic field in the median acceleration plane that decreases with increasing radial distance from a central axis. The magnet structure is thereby rendered suitable for the acceleration of charged particles in a synchrocyclotron. The magnetic field in the median acceleration plane is “coil-dominated,” meaning that a strong majority of the magnetic field in the median acceleration plane is directly generated by a pair of primary magnetic coils (e.g., superconducting coils) positioned about the acceleration chamber, and the magnet structure is structured to provide both weak focusing and phase stability in the acceleration chamber. The magnet structure can be very compact and can produce particularly high magnetic fields.
1. A synchrocyclotron magnet structure including a magnetic yoke comprising a pair of poles that define an acceleration chamber including a median acceleration plane and a central axis orthogonal to the median acceleration plane,
wherein the magnetic yoke defines passages about the acceleration chamber and on opposite sides of the median acceleration plane for mounting a pair of magnetic coils,
wherein the poles are joined at a perimeter and separated to form a pole gap of at least 3.8 cm across and throughout the acceleration chamber,
wherein each pole has an inner surface that is tapered to produce a perimeter pole wing distal from the central axis and proximate the passages for the coils, a central pole tip proximate the central axis and distal from the passages for the coils, and a peak pole gap at an intermediate distance between the central pole tips and the perimeter pole wings, the peak pole gap being at least triple the pole gap between the central pole tips and at least triple the pole gap between the perimeter pole wings at all radial angles about the central axis, and
wherein the poles are tapered to shape a combined magnetic field jointly produced by the magnetic yoke and by magnetic coils in the passages so that, when the magnetic coils directly generate a central magnetic field in the median acceleration plane of at least 5 Tesla and fully magnetize the magnetic yoke, the combined magnetic field across the median acceleration plane decreases with increasing radius and a weak-focusing field index parameter, n, is in the range from 0 to 1 from the central pole tips to the perimeter pole wings, where n=−(r/B)(dB/dr), and where B is the magnetic field, and r is the radius from the central axis.
2. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the peak pole gap is closer to the outer pole wings than to the pole tips.
3. The magnet structure of claim 2 , wherein the pole wings have inner surfaces that slope toward the median acceleration plane at an angle between 80 and 90° with the median acceleration plane.
4. The magnet structure of claim 2 , wherein the pole wings have inner surfaces that slope toward the median acceleration plane at an angle from 82.5° to 87.5° with the median acceleration plane.
5. The magnet structure of claim 2 , wherein the peak pole gap is at least five times the pole gap between the inner pole tips and at least five times the pole gap between the outer pole wings.
6. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the peak pole gap is between 19 and 55 cm.
7. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the peak pole gap is between 37 and 55 cm.
8. The magnet structure of claim 1 , further comprising magnetic coils in the passages defined in the magnetic yoke.
9. The magnet structure of claim 8 , wherein the magnetic coils are spaced apart from each other by between 5 and 15 cm.
10. The magnet structure of claim 8 , wherein the magnetic coils are spaced apart from each other by between 8 and 12 cm.
11. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the separation between the poles across and throughout the acceleration chamber is at least 6 cm.
12. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic yoke has an outer radius, measured from the central axis parallel to the median acceleration plane, of between 71 cm and 1.14 m.
13. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic yoke has a height, measured orthogonal to the median acceleration plane, less than 100 cm.
14. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic yoke has a mass less than 23,000 kg.
15. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic yoke contains a resonator structure including at least one pair of semicircular dee electrodes between the poles for generating a particle-acceleration voltage in the acceleration chamber.
16. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic yoke is structured to contribute no more than 3 Tesla to the median acceleration plane when the magnetic yoke is fully magnetized.
17. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the weak-focusing field index parameter, n, is in the range from 0 to 1 across all of the median acceleration plane from the central pole tips to the perimeter pole wings.
18. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the inner surfaces of the poles are substantially circularly symmetrical about the central axis.
19. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic yoke further comprises localized magnetic tips positioned circumferentially on the pole wings.
20. The magnet structure of claim 1 , wherein the coils comprise a material that is superconducting at a temperature of at least 4.5K.
21. The magnet structure of claim 20 , wherein the coils comprise Nb 3 Sn or NbTi as the superconducting material.
22. A method for shaping a magnetic field for ion acceleration in a synchrocyclotron, the method comprising:
providing a magnet structure including:
a magnetic yoke comprising a pair of poles that define an acceleration chamber including a median acceleration plane and a central axis orthogonal to the median acceleration plane, wherein the magnetic yoke defines passages about the acceleration chamber and on opposite sides of the median acceleration plane, wherein the poles are joined at a perimeter and separated to form a pole gap across the acceleration chamber, and wherein each pole has an inner surface that is tapered to produce a perimeter pole wing distal from the central axis and proximate the passages for the coils, a central pole tip proximate the central axis and distal from the passages, and a peak pole gap at an intermediate distance between the central pole tips and the perimeter pole wings, the peak pole gap being at least triple the pole gap between the central pole tips and at least triple the pole gap between the perimeter pole wings;
a pair of magnetic coils mounted in the passages defined by the magnetic yoke on opposite sides of the median acceleration plane; and
at least one pair of radiofrequency accelerator electrodes mounted between the poles;
passing electric current through the coils to generate a magnetic-field component in the median acceleration plane and to magnetize the magnetic yoke, the magnetized magnetic yoke generating another magnetic-field component in the median acceleration plane, wherein the coil-generated and magnetic-yoke-generated magnetic-field components jointly produce a combined magnetic field of at least 6.65 Tesla in the median acceleration plane, the combined magnetic field decreasing across the median acceleration plane with increasing radius and a weak-focusing field index parameter, n, being in the range from 0 to 1 from the central pole tips to the perimeter pole wings, where n=−(r/B)(dB/dr), and where B is the magnetic field, and r is the radius from the central axis;
injecting an ion into the magnetic field in the acceleration chamber;
generating an electric field with the radiofrequency accelerator electrodes to accelerate the ion in an outward spiral trajectory across the median acceleration plane and reducing the frequency of the electric field as the ion accelerates outward; and then
extracting the accelerated ion from the acceleration chamber.
23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the radiofrequency accelerator electrodes impart the ion with an energy of at least 250 MeV.
24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the magnetic yoke generates a magnetic-field component of no more than 2.4 Tesla in the acceleration chamber.
25. The method of claim 22 , wherein each pole has a taper along its inner surface such that, when extending radially outward, the pole gap expands in a continuous series of increments and then shrinks in a continuous series of decrements.
26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the ion includes more than one proton.
27. The method of claim 22 , wherein the magnetic coils directly generate a magnetic-field component of at least 5 Tesla in the acceleration chamber.