Treatment of Non-Localized Inflammation with pan-HDAC Inhibitors

1 . A method for treating sepsis in a subject comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a pan-HDAC inhibitor to the subject in need thereof.

2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the pan-HDAC inhibitor is a short-chain fatty acid pan-HDAC inhibitor, hydroxamic acid pan-HDAC inhibitor, epoxyketone-containing cyclic tetrapeptide pan-HDAC inhibitor, benzamide pan-HDAC inhibitor, cyclic-hydroxamic-acid-containing peptide (CHAP) pan-HDAC inhibitor, benzamide pan-HDAC inhibitor, depudecin, organosulfur pan-HDAC inhibitor, or an aroyl-pyrrolylhydroxy-amide (APHA) pan-HDAC inhibitor.

3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the pan-HDAC inhibitor is butyrate, 4-phenylbutyrate, valproic acid, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), biaryl hydroxamate A-161906, bicyclic aryl-N-hydroxycarboxamides, CG-1521, PXD-101, sulfonamide hydroxamic acid, LAQ-824, oxamflatin, scriptaid, m-carboxy cinnamic acid bishydroxamic acid, trapoxin-hydroxamic acid analogue, trichostatin A, trichostatin C, m-carboxycinnamic acid bis-hydroxamideoxamflatin (CBHA), azelaic bishydroxamic acid (ABHA), Scriptaid, Sirtinol, pyroxamide, trapoxins, apidicin, depsipeptide, HC-toxin, chlamydocin, diheteropeptin, WF-3161, Cyl-1 and Cyl-2, FR901228, apicidin, cyclic-hydroxamic-acid-containing peptide (CHAP), MS-275 (MS-27-275), CI-994, depudecin, PXD101, an aroyl-pyrrolylhydroxy-amide (APHA), LBH-589, MGCD-0103, JNJ-26481585, R306465 (J&J), or sodium butyrate.

4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the pan-HDAC inhibitor is a compound with the structure of Formula (I):

wherein

Z is S, O, or NH;

Y is an alkylene optionally substituted with cycloalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, optionally substituted phenylalkylthio, optionally substituted phenylalkylsulfonyl, hydroxyl, or optionally substituted phenoxy;

R is one or two optional substituents independently selected from alkyl, halo, haloalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, hydroxyalkoxy, hydroxyalkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyloxy, alkoxyalkyloxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, aminoalkoxy, haloalkoxy, haloalkoxyalkyl, optionally substituted phenyl, optionally substituted phenoxy, optionally substituted phenylalkyloxy, optionally substituted phenylalkyl, optionally substituted phenyloxyalkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted heteroaralkyloxy, optionally substituted heteroaryloxyalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyloxy, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylalkyloxy, -alkylene-S(O) n R a (where n is 0, 1 or 2 and R a is hydroxyalkyl or optionally substituted phenyl), -alkylene-NR e -alkyleneCONR c R d (where R c is hydroxyl and R d and R e are independently hydrogen or alkyl), or carboxyalkylaminoalkyl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein Z is O, NH, or S; and Y is —CH 2 CH 2 —.

6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the benzofuranyl group is monosubstituted.

7 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the indolyl group is monosubstituted.

8 . The method of claim 5 , wherein the benzothiofuranyl group is monosubstituted.

9 . The method of claim 6 , wherein the monosubstitution is with a group selected from N,N-dimethylaminomethyl, N,N-diethylaminomethyl, 2-fluorophenoxymethyl, 3-fluorphwenoxymethyl, 4-fluorophenoxymethyl, hydroxyl-4-yloxymethyl, 2,4,6-trifluorophenoxy-methyl, 2-oxopyridin-1-ylmethyl, 2,2,2-trifluorethoxy-methyl, 4-imidazol-1-ylphenoxy-methyl, 4-[1.2.4]-triazin-1-yl-phenoxymethyl, 2-phenylethyl, 3-hydroxypropyloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethyloxymethyl, pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl, piperidin-1-ylmethyl, 4-trifluoromethylpiperidin-1-ylmethyl, 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyloxymethyl, 4-fluorophenylthiomethyl, 4-fluorophenylsulfinylmethyl, 4-fluorophenylsulfonylmethyl, 2-(3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)ethyl, N-methyl-N-benzylaminomethyl, N-methyl-N-2-phenylethylaminomethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl-thiomethyl, 3-hydroxypropylsulfinylmethyl, 3-hydroxypropylsulfonylmethyl, N-methyl-N-2-indol-3-ylethylaminomethyl, 2-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)ethyl, N-hydroxyaminocarbonyl-methylaminomethyl, or 2-carboxyethylaminomethyl.

10 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the pan-HDAC inhibitor is Compound 1:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the pan-HDAC inhibitor is the HCl salt of Compound 1.

12 . The method of claim 1 in which the expression of iNOS decreases or is down-regulated following administration of the pharmaceutical composition.

13 . The method of claim 1 in which the concentration of nitric oxide in the blood of the subject decreases following administration of the pharmaceutical composition.

14 . The method of claim 1 in which after administration of the pharmaceutical composition, the blood pressure of the subject increases.

15 . The method of claim 1 in which following administration of the pharmaceutical composition the expression of one or more cytokines has decreased or is down-regulated.

16 . The method of claim 14 , wherein the one or more cytokines is selected from the group consisting of: IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, any isoforms thereof, and any combinations thereof.

17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.

18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the one or more additional therapeutic agents is selected from the group consisting of: immunosuppressants, antibiotics, glucocorticoids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Cox-2-specific inhibitors, disease modifying antirheutetic drugs, TNF-α binding proteins, beta-agonists, and any combinations thereof.

19 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is a human.