Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:

a conductive substrate,

a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive substrate, and

an outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor being composed of a cured material of a composition comprising

at least one compound represented by the following formula (II)

a surfactant having, in the molecule thereof, at least one structure selected from (B) a structure having a carbon-carbon double bond and a fluorine atom represented by the following formula (B1) or (B2), and (C) an alkylene oxide structure,

wherein in formula (II), Ar 1 to Ar 4 are, each independently, an aryl group represented by the following formula (3); Ar 5 is an arylene group represented by the following formula (7); D is -(L) j -O—CO—C(R)═CH 2 ; the five c's are, each independently, 0 or 1; k is 1; the total number of D is from 2 to 20; L is a divalent organic group including an alkylene group having 2 or more carbon atoms; j is 1; and R is a hydrogen atom or a straight chain or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms;

wherein in formula (3), R 04 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a phenyl group substituted by an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted phenyl group, an aralkyl group having from 7 to 10 carbon atoms, or a halogen atom: and m is an integer of from 1 to 3,

wherein in formula (7), Ar is an arylene group represented by the following formula (8); and p is 0,

wherein in formula (8), R 05 is selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a phenyl group substituted by an alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted phenyl group, an aralkyl group having from 7 to 10 carbon atoms, and a halogen atom; and q is an integer of from 1 to 3.

2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the composition contains a heat radical generating agent.

3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 , wherein the heat radical generating agent has a 10 hour half-life temperature of from about 40° C. to about 110° C.

4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the total content of the compound represented by formula (II) is about 40% by weight or more, with respect to the composition that is used when the outermost surface layer is formed.

5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the total content of the surfactant is from about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight, with respect to the composition that is used when the outermost surface layer is formed.

6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the total number of D in formula (II) is 4 or more.

7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein R in formula (II) is methyl group.

8. A process cartridge comprising

the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , and

at least one unit selected from a charging unit that charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor, a developing unit that develops an electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor with toner, and a toner removing unit that removes toner remaining on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

9. An image forming apparatus comprising

the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,

a charging unit that charges the electrophotographic photoreceptor,

an electrostatic latent image forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor,

a developing unit that forms a toner image by developing the electrostatic latent image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor with toner, and

a transfer unit that transfers the toner image to a transfer body.