METHODS FOR INCREASING GERMINATION FREQUENCY AND/OR VIGOR BY COLD SHOCK TREATMENT OF CONIFER SOMATIC EMBRYOS DURING DEVELOPMENT
In one aspect, a method is provided for increasing germination vigor and/or frequency of conifer somatic embryos produced in vitro. The method comprises (a) incubating a plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos for a first incubation period in, or on, a first development media at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C.; (b) exposing the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos incubated in accordance with step (a) to a cold temperature in the range of 0° C. to 10° C. for a time period of at least one week; and (c) incubating the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos treated in accordance with step (b) for a second incubation period in, or on, a second development medium at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C.
1 . A method of increasing germination frequency and/or vigor of conifer somatic embryos produced in vitro, the method comprising:
(a) incubating a plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos for a first incubation period in, or on, a first development media at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C.;
(b) exposing the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos incubated in accordance with step (a) to a cold temperature in the range of 0° C. to 10° C. for a time period of at least one week; and
(c) incubating the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos treated in accordance with step (b) for a second incubation period in, or on, a second development medium at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the cold temperature in accordance with step (b) is in the range of 1° C. to 5° C.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first incubation period is a time period sufficient in length for the formation of one or more cotyledonary primordia on a portion of the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos incubated in or on the first development media.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first incubation period is at least six weeks.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first incubation period is from six to eight weeks.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the embryos are exposed to the cold temperature for a time period of from one week to three weeks.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second incubation period is sufficient in length for at least a portion of the plurality of the immature conifer somatic embryos to reach anatomical maturity.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the second incubation period is from 2 weeks to 4 weeks.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the total incubation time for the combination of step (a), step (b) and step (c) totals a time period of at least 12 weeks.
10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of singulating a plurality of individual immature conifer somatic embryos prior to incubation of the embryos in accordance with step (c).
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the singulation step is carried out prior to step (b).
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the singulation step is carried out after step (b).
13 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of culturing the embryos treated in accordance with step (c) in, or on, stratification medium at a temperature in the range of 0° C. to 10° C. for a time period of at least one week.
14 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising culturing the embryos treated in accordance with step (c) in, or on, a germination medium to produce germinants.
15 . A method for producing mature conifer somatic embryos, comprising:
(a) culturing conifer somatic cells in, or on, an induction medium to yield embryogenic cells;
(b) culturing the embryogenic cells prepared in step (a) in, or on, a maintenance medium to multiply the embryogenic cells and form pre-cotyledonary conifer somatic embryos;
(c) culturing the pre-cotyledonary conifer somatic embryos formed in step (b) in, or on, a first development medium at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C. for a first incubation period;
(d) exposing the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos incubated in accordance with step (c) to a cold temperature in the range of 0° C. to 10° C. for a time period of at least one week; and
(e) incubating the plurality of immature conifer somatic embryos treated in accordance with step (d) for a second incubation period in, or on, a second development medium at a temperature in the range of 20° C. to 30° C.