Tilted grating sensor

1. An apparatus for measuring at least one physical manifestation occurring in a medium, said apparatus comprising:

(a) a sensor for sensing the physical manifestation, including:

(i) a sensing surface for exposure to the medium;

(ii) an optical pathway, the optical pathway including a core and a cladding;

(iii) a tilted grating responsive to electromagnetic radiation propagating in the optical pathway to induce a propagation of cladding mode electromagnetic waves in the cladding and core mode electromagnetic waves in the core;

(iv) the sensing surface defining an interaction interface between the medium and the cladding and allowing the physical manifestation to interact with the cladding mode electromagnetic waves;

(b) a measuring device coupled to the optical path for sensing the core mode electromagnetic waves and the cladding mode electromagnetic waves that have interacted with the physical manifestation for deriving information on temperature in the vicinity of the sensing surface and a physical manifestation measurement.

2. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein the tilted grating is in the core.

3. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 , wherein said grating induces SPR in proximity to said sensing surface.

4. The apparatus as defined in claim 3 , wherein said sensing surface includes metallic material.

5. The apparatus as defined in claim 4 , wherein said metallic material is in the form of a coating over said optical pathway.

6. The apparatus as defined in claim 5 , wherein said optical pathway and said metallic coating form a dielectric/electrical conductor interface.

7. The apparatus as defined in claim 6 , wherein said metallic coating is homogenous.

8. The apparatus as defined in claim 6 , wherein said metallic coating is heterogeneous.

9. The apparatus as defined in claim 6 , wherein said optical path includes an optical fiber.

10. The apparatus as defined in claim 6 , wherein said metallic coating includes gold material.

11. The apparatus as defined in claim 1 , wherein said physical manifestation is an SRI change.

12. The apparatus as defined in claim 11 , wherein said sensor is a biosensor.

13. The apparatus as defined in claim 12 , wherein said biosensor is responsive to bacteria.

14. The apparatus as defined in claim 12 , wherein said biosensor is responsive to a virus.

15. The apparatus as defined in claim 11 , wherein said sensor is responsive to one or more chemical compounds.

16. The apparatus as defined in claim 11 , wherein said sensor is an alcohol sensor.

17. The apparatus as defined in claim 11 , wherein said sensor is a sugar sensor.

18. The apparatus as defined in claim 11 , wherein said sensor measures a rate of curing of a material.

19. The apparatus as defined in claim 18 , wherein the material is adhesive.

20. The apparatus as defined in claim 18 , wherein the material is cement.

21. The apparatus as defined in claim 11 , wherein said sensor measures SRI in the range from about 1.29 to about 1.45.

22. The apparatus as defined in claim 2 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation propagates in said optical pathway along a propagation direction, said sensor including a reflector in said optical pathway to reflect the response of said tilted grating.

23. The apparatus as defined in claim 22 , wherein said reflector directs the response to travel in said optical pathway in a direction opposite to the direction of propagation.

24. The apparatus as defined in claim 23 , wherein said reflector includes a grating other than said tilted grating.

25. The apparatus as defined in claim 24 , wherein said grating other than said tilted grating is a non-tilted grating.

26. The apparatus as defined in claim 25 , wherein the response of said sensor includes a plurality of cladding mode resonances, said grating other than said tilted grating has a reflection spectrum that overlaps two or more of said cladding mode resonances.

27. A method for detecting the presence of bacteria in a medium, comprising:

a) providing a sensor having a sensing surface, said sensor having an optical pathway containing a tilted grating, the optical pathway including a core and a cladding, the tilted grating being responsive to electromagnetic radiation traveling in the optical pathway to induce electromagnetic waves in the cladding susceptible to interact with the medium via the sensing surface;

b) placing the sensing surface in contact with the medium;

c) detecting a response produced by the sensor which conveys information about an interaction between the electromagnetic waves in the cladding and the medium; and

d) determining from the response if bacteria are present in the medium.

28. The method as defined in claim 27 , wherein the tilted grating is in the core.

29. A sensor for sensing at least one physical manifestation occurring in a medium, said sensor comprising:

a. a sensing surface for exposure to the medium;

b. an optical pathway;

c. a tilted grating in said optical pathway, said grating being responsive to electromagnetic radiation propagating in said optical pathway to generate a response conveying information on the at least one physical manifestation;

d. the electromagnetic radiation propagating in said optical pathway along a propagation direction, said sensor including a reflector in said optical pathway to reflect the response of said tilted grating;

e. the reflector directing the response to travel in said optical pathway in a direction opposite to the direction of propagation; and

f. the optical pathway including a straight termination, the reflector being at the termination.

30. The sensor as defined in claim 29 , wherein said reflector provides reflectivity through Fresnel reflection.

31. The sensor as defined in claim 29 , wherein said reflector includes a reflective coating deposited on said straight termination.