Reinforced panel
A reinforced panel ( 1 ) comprising: a composite skin ( 2 ); a plurality of stringers ( 3, 4 ) bonded to the skin; and one or more strain actuators ( 5 ), each positioned between an adjacent pair of stringers. A load is applied to the panel in the plane of the skin, and a local strain is applied to the skin by the strain actuators when the compressive load exceeds a predetermined threshold. This causes the skin to buckle and reduce interface stresses between the skin and the stringers.
1. A reinforced panel comprising:
a composite skin;
a plurality of stringers bonded to the skin; and
one or more strain actuators, each positioned between an adjacent pair of stringers and configured to apply a local strain to the skin which tends to induce buckling of the skin.
2. The panel of claim 1 further comprising a control system configured to monitor strain of the skin and drive the strain actuators when the monitored strain exceeds a predetermined threshold.
3. The panel of claim 2 wherein each actuator is configured to sense the strain of the skin and generate a sensing signal which is monitored by the control system.
4. The panel of claim 3 wherein each actuator transmits sensing signals to the control system and receives drive signals from the control system via a common two-way control line.
5. The panel of claim 1 wherein each strain actuator applies the local strain by changing its geometry between two stable states.
6. The panel of claim 1 wherein the stringers and skin are co-cured.
7. The panel of claim 1 wherein each strain actuator is bonded to the skin by an adhesive layer.
8. The panel of claim 1 wherein each strain actuator is at least partially embedded in the skin.
9. The panel of claim 1 wherein each strain actuator is a piezoelectric device.
10. The panel of claim 1 wherein the skin is formed from a laminar composite material.
11. A method of buckling a reinforced panel, the panel comprising a composite skin and a plurality of stringers bonded to the skin, the method comprising:
applying a compressive load to the panel in the plane of the skin; and
applying a local strain to the skin between an adjacent pair of stringers with one or more strain actuators when the load exceeds a predetermined threshold.
12. The method of claim 11 further comprising monitoring the strain of the skin, and driving the strain actuators when the monitored strain exceeds the predetermined threshold.
13. The panel of claim 1 wherein the one or more strain actuators are configured to apply a local strain to the skin which causes the skin to buckle between the stringers to form a series of several wrinkles in the skin.
14. The panel of claim 13 wherein the actuators are configured such that the wrinkles are spaced apart from each other along the stiffeners' direction.
15. The method of claim 11 wherein the one or more strain actuators apply a local strain to the skin which causes the skin to buckle between the stringers to form a series of several wrinkles in the skin.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein the wrinkles are spaced apart from each other along the stiffeners' direction.