Method for alkali doping of thin film photovoltaic materials

1. A method of forming an alkali-containing transition metal sputtering target, comprising:

providing a sputtering target comprising a transition metal;

applying a salt solution comprising an alkali metal to the sputtering target; and

drying the alkali-containing transition metal sputtering target.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal is selected from a group consisting of Mo, Cr, Nb, W, V, Ta, Ti, Zr, and Zn.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the transition metal comprises Mo.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the alkali metal comprises Na and the target comprises a sodium containing molybdenum sputtering target.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the salt is selected from a group comprises sodium chloride, sodium fluoride, sodium molybdate, sodium tungstate, sodium titanate, sodium metavanadate, sodium orthovanadate, sodium hydroxide, sodium oxide, sodium fluoride, sodium selenide, sodium selenate, sodium selenite, sodium sulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, or a combination thereof.

6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the salt solution further comprises a polar solvent.

7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of applying further comprises agitating the salt solution.

8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of applying further comprises increasing a temperature of the salt solution to a temperature below the boiling point of the salt solution.

9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of applying further comprises increasing a pressure in a chamber containing the salt solution and the target up to 50,000 psi.

10. The method of claim 2 , wherein the salt solution further comprises a wetting agent.

11. The method of claim 2 , further comprising disposing the target in a vacuum chamber and backfilling the chamber with a soluble gas before the step of applying.

12. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of applying further comprises facilitating precipitation.

13. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of drying further comprises increasing a temperature of the target up to the melting point of the salt.

14. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of drying occurs in a vacuum.

15. The method of claim 2 , further comprising repeating the steps of depositing and drying to reach a desired concentration of alkali metal in the target.

16. The method of claim 1 , wherein a porosity of the target is below 75% dense.

17. The method of claim 1 , wherein providing a sputtering target comprises using a powder metallurgy process to consolidate the target.

18. The method of claim 5 , wherein the salt comprises sodium molybdate.