Methods of identifying stimulants for biogenic methane production from hydrocarbon-bearing formations
The present invention describes methods of identifying stimulants for the biogenic production of methane in hydrocarbon-bearing formations. Methods involve the use of microbial nucleic acid sequence information for the determination of gene products that are enzymes in a variety of pathways involved in the conversion of hydrocarbons to methane. Enzymes and stimulants identified by invention methods can be used in processes for enhancing biogenic methane production, for example, by addition to coal seams and coalbed methane wells.
1. A method of identifying a stimulant that increases biogenic production of methane in a hydrocarbon-bearing formation comprising:
(a) obtaining a nucleic acid sequence from one or more microorganisms derived from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation environment;
(b) determining the presence of one or more gene products of a nucleic acid sequence from one or more microorganisms derived from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation environment, wherein said gene product is an enzyme in a pathway involved in the conversion of a hydrocarbon to methane selected from the group consisting of peroxidases, phenol oxidases, alcohol oxidases, laccases, hydrolases, glycosyl hydrolases, esterases, etherases, oxidases, nitrogenases, cellulases, amylases, glucanaeses, pullanases, reductases, dismutases, oxygenases, monooxygenases, dioxygenases, calatases, hydrogenases, carboxylases, and methyl reductases; or an enzyme involved in homoacetogenesis, methanogenesis, acetoclastic methanogenesis or CO 2 -reducing methanogenesis; and
(c) identifying a substrate, reactant or co-factor of said enzyme that acts as a stimulant to increase methane production when provided to one or more microorganisms in said hydrocarbon-bearing formation as compared with methane production in the absence of the stimulant.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said one or more microorganisms are enriched by selecting for the ability to grow on coal as the sole carbon source.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein step (c) comprises testing in vitro one or more substrate, reactant or cofactor at more than one concentration to monitor and optimize methane production in a culture system comprising at least one microorganism isolated from said hydrocarbon-bearing formation, further wherein said culture system provides coal as the sole carbon source.
4. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said at least one microorganism is a bacterial species or an archaeal species capable of converting a hydrocarbon to a product selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, acetate, formate, methanol, methylamine, and a methanogenic substrate; a methanogenic bacterial species; or a methanogenic archaeal species.
5. A method according to claim 3 , wherein said at least one microorganism is a species of bacteria selected from the genus group consisting of Pseudomonas, Arcobacter, Desulfuromonas, Pelobacter, Desulfovibrio, Spirochaeta, Erysipelothrix, Thauera, Clostridium, Acholeplasma, Magnetospirillum , and Sulfurospirillum ; or a species of archaea selected from the group consisting of Methanolobus, Methanocalculus , and members of the phylum Crenarcheaota.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein step (c) comprises testing in vitro one or more substrate, reactant or cofactor at more than one concentration to monitor and optimize methane production in a culture system comprising a defined microbial assemblage; wherein said defined microbial assemblage combines a culture of a single strain of microorganism from a hydrocarbon-bearing formation with at least one other defined culture of another single strain of microorganism, such that members of said defined microbial assemblage act synergistically to produce methane; and further wherein said culture system provides coal as the sole carbon source.
7. A method according to claim 6 , wherein said defined microbial assemblage comprises at least two species of microorganisms selected from the genus group consisting of Pseudomonas, Arcobacter, Desulfuromonas, Pelobacter, Desulfovibrio, Spirochaeta, Erysipelothrix, Thauera, Clostridium, Acholeplasma, Magnetospirillum, Sulfurospirillum; Methanolobus, Methanocalculus , and members of the phylum Crenarcheaota.
8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said hydrocarbon-bearing formation is selected from the group consisting of coal, peat, lignite, oil shale, oil formation, traditional black oil, viscous oil, oils sands and tar sands.
9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said enzyme is selected from the group consisting of oxygenases, monooxygenases, and dioxygenases.
10. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said substrate, reactant or co-factor is selected from the group consisting of a sulfur-containing compound, a nitrogen-containing compound, a phosphorous-containing compound, a trace element, an electron acceptor, an electron donor, a halogen, a metal, an alcohol, an organic acid, an alkane, an alkene, an alkyne, an aromatic compound, an amine, an ether, an aldehyde, a ketone, a thiol, acetate, an aromatic hydrocarbon, and a gas.
11. A method according to claim 9 , wherein said substrate, reactant or co-factor is oxygen.