Illumination apparatus and methods of forming the same
In one aspect, an illumination apparatus includes a waveguide, embedded in which are a light-emitting source and a photoluminescent material. Output light is emitted from at least a portion of a first surface of the waveguide. The photoluminescent material includes nano-size phosphor particles and/or quantum dots.
1. An illumination apparatus comprising:
a waveguide having a first surface;
embedded within the waveguide, (i) a light-emitting source for emitting source light, and (ii) a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light,
wherein output light is emitted from at least a portion of the first surface, and the photoluminescent material comprises at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
2. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material consists essentially of at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
3. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein photoluminescent material comprises a first layer consisting essentially of at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots and, proximate the first layer, a second layer of phosphor material.
4. The illumination apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the second layer does not contain nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
5. The illumination apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the second layer scatters source light.
6. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting source is embedded proximate a second surface of the waveguide opposite the first surface.
7. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate the first surface.
8. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material is dispersed throughout substantially all of the waveguide.
9. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is substantially planar.
10. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light;
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region.
11. The illumination apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the in-coupling region comprises a first plurality of scattering impurities, the out-coupling region comprises a second plurality of scattering impurities, and the propagation region is substantially free of scattering impurities.
12. The illumination apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the propagation region comprises the photoluminescent material.
13. The illumination apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed proximate and in direct contact with the first surface in the out-coupling region.
14. The illumination apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises nano-size phosphor particles having an average diameter of less than approximately 3 nm.
15. An illumination apparatus comprising:
a waveguide having a first surface;
embedded within the waveguide, a light-emitting source for emitting source light;
disposed on the first surface of the waveguide, a layer of phosphor-encapsulating material; and
disposed within the layer of phosphor-encapsulating material, a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light,
wherein source light is emitted from at least a portion of the first surface of the waveguide and output light is emitted from at least a portion of the layer of phosphor-encapsulating material.
16. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the layer of phosphor-encapsulating material is in mechanical contact but not optical contact with the first surface of the waveguide.
17. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the phosphor-encapsulating material comprises silicone.
18. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein an index of refraction of the phosphor-encapsulating material is less than an index of refraction of the waveguide.
19. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light;
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region,
and wherein the photoluminescent material is present only over the out-coupling region.
20. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the layer of phosphor-encapsulating material has a thickness less than approximately 200 μm and the photoluminescent material comprises a plurality of particles having an average diameter ranging from approximately 0.5 μm to approximately 50 μm.
21. The illumination apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
22. An illumination apparatus comprising:
a waveguide having a first surface;
embedded within the waveguide, a plurality of light-emitting sources, each light-emitting source emitting a different source light; and
disposed proximate the first surface, a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light of one of the light-emitting sources to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light,
wherein the output light is emitted from at least a portion of the first surface and has a CRI value greater than approximately 70.
23. The illumination apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the different source lights comprise red, green, and blue light, and the converted source light comprises yellow light.
24. The illumination apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the output light is substantially white light.
25. The illumination apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed within the waveguide.
26. The illumination apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the photoluminescent material is disposed within a layer of phosphor-encapsulating material disposed above and in mechanical contact but not in optical contact with the first surface.
27. The illumination apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the layer of phosphor-encapsulating material is disposed in optical contact with the first surface.
28. The illumination apparatus of claim 22 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
29. A plurality of illumination apparatuses comprising:
a first illumination apparatus comprising:
a first light-emitting source emitting source light having a first wavelength, and
a first layer comprising a photoluminescent material for converting some of the source light to a different wavelength, the converted source light mixing with unconverted source light to form output light spectrally different from both the converted source light and the unconverted source light; and
a second illumination apparatus comprising:
a second light-emitting source emitting source light having a second wavelength differing from the first wavelength by at least approximately 5 nm, and
a second layer comprising the photoluminescent material,
wherein the color coordinates of the first and second illumination apparatuses differ by no more than approximately 5%.
30. The plurality of illumination apparatuses of claim 29 , wherein the second wavelength and the first wavelength differ by at least approximately 10 nm.
31. The plurality of illumination apparatuses of claim 29 , wherein the color coordinates of the first and second illumination apparatuses differ by no more than approximately 1%.
32. A method of forming an illumination apparatus, the method comprising:
embedding a light-emitting source within a waveguide; and
embedding a photoluminescent material within the waveguide, the photoluminescent material comprising at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light,
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region.
34. The method of claim 32 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises nano-size phosphor particles having an average diameter of less than approximately 3 nm.
35. A method of forming an illumination apparatus, the method comprising:
embedding a light-emitting source within a waveguide; and
disposing a layer comprising a photoluminescent material above a first surface of the waveguide, wherein the layer is in mechanical contact but not optical contact with the waveguide.
36. The method of claim 35 , wherein the photoluminescent material comprises at least one of nano-size phosphor particles or quantum dots.
37. The method of claim 35 , wherein the waveguide comprises:
a discrete in-coupling region for receiving source light;
a discrete out-coupling region for emitting output light; and
a discrete propagation region, spatially distinct from the in-coupling and out-coupling regions, for propagating source light from the in-coupling region to the out-coupling region,
and wherein the photoluminescent material is present only over the out-coupling region.