Solar array of transparent nanoantennas

1. A method to produce a solar array of transparent nanoantennas arranged to generate one or more electrical signals in response to light, the method comprising:

providing a transparent substrate having a surface;

depositing a transparent conductive layer on the surface of the transparent substrate;

applying a surface layer on the transparent conductive layer after depositing the transparent conductive layer;

patterning the surface layer to form nanometer-sized features;

etching the transparent conductive layer to form the solar array of transparent nanoantennas after patterning the surface layer; and

removing the surface layer after etching the transparent conductive layer, wherein the resulting solar array of transparent nanoantennas is capable of converting infrared energy from the light into the one or more electrical signals while permitting a visible portion of the light to pass therethrough.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface layer comprises a photoresist layer and wherein patterning the surface layer comprises performing lithography to pattern the photoresist layer.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein patterning the surface layer comprises performing lithography, and wherein performing lithography comprises performing one of nanoimprint lithography, electron beam lithography or extreme ultraviolet photolithography.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises one or more of indium tin oxide and/or a ceramic matrix containing nanotubes.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transparent conductive layer has a thickness in a range from about 0.1 microns to about 1.0 microns.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transparent nanoantennas comprise one or more of spiral-type nanoantennas, bow-tie-type nanoantennas, square-type nanoantennas, and/or combinations thereof.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

operably connecting a first electrode to a first end of a row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas; and

operably connecting a second electrode to a second end of the row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

operably connecting a first rectifier to a first end of a row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas; and

operably connecting a second rectifier to a second end of the row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas.

9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

operably connecting a first electrode to a first end of a row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

operably connecting a second electrode to a second end of the row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

operably connecting a first rectifier to the first electrode; and

operably connecting a second rectifier to the second electrode.

10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

operably connecting a first electrode to a first end of a row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

operably connecting a second electrode to a second end of the row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

operably connecting a first rectifier to the first electrode; and

operably connecting a second rectifier to the second electrode;

wherein patterning the surface layer comprises performing nanoimprint lithography to pattern a nanoprint photoresist layer, wherein the surface layer comprises the nanoprint photoresist layer;

wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises one or more of indium tin oxide and/or a ceramic matrix containing nanotubes, and wherein the transparent conductive layer has a thickness in a range from about 0.1 microns to about 1.0 microns; and

wherein the transparent nanoantennas comprise one or more of spiral-type nanoantennas, bow-tie-type nanoantennas, square-type nanoantennas, and/or combinations thereof.

11. A method to produce a solar array of transparent nanoantennas arranged to generate one or more electrical signals in response to light, the method comprising:

providing a transparent substrate having a surface;

depositing a transparent conductive layer on the surface of the transparent substrate;

applying a surface layer on the transparent conductive layer;

patterning the surface layer to form nanometer-sized features;

etching the transparent conductive layer to form the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

removing the patterned surface layer; and

depositing an antiglare layer on the surface of the transparent substrate and the solar array of transparent nanoantennas.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the antiglare layer comprises one or more of magnesium fluoride, indium tin, and/or combinations thereof.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein depositing the antiglare layer comprises performing a physical vapor deposition.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the transparent conductive layer comprises one or more of indium tin oxide and/or a ceramic matrix containing nanotubes.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the transparent nanoantennas comprise one or more of spiral-type nanoantennas, bow-tie-type nanoantennas, square-type nanoantennas, and/or combinations thereof.

16. A method to produce a solar array of transparent nanoantennas arranged to generate one or more electrical signals in response to light, the method comprising:

providing a transparent substrate having a surface;

depositing a indium tin oxide layer having a thickness in the range from about 0.1 microns to 1.0 microns on the surface of the transparent substrate;

applying a surface layer on the indium tin oxide layer;

patterning the surface layer to form nanometer-sized features;

etching the indium tin oxide layer with a mixture of hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and water to form the solar array of transparent nanoantennas; and

removing the patterned surface layer.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the transparent nanoantennas comprise one or more of spiral-type nanoantennas, bow-tie-type nanoantennas, square-type nanoantennas, and/or combinations thereof.

18. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:

operably connecting a first electrode to a first end of a row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

operably connecting a second electrode to a second end of the row of the solar array of transparent nanoantennas;

operably connecting a first rectifier to the first electrode; and

operably connecting a second rectifier to the second electrode.

19. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:

depositing an antiglare layer on the surface of the transparent substrate and the solar array of transparent nanoantennas.

20. The method of claim 16 , further comprising:

depositing an antiglare layer on a second surface of the transparent substrate, wherein the second surface of the transparent substrate is opposite the surface of the transparent substrate.