Stable Soy/Urea Adhesives and Methods of Making Same
The present invention provides an improved method of producing a stable heat denatured soy/urea adhesive having improved wet and dry strengths, with more efficient production and lower production costs. The method comprises combining urea with soy flour that has been heated until denatured and substantially free from urease activity. The soy flour is preferably heated to a temperature of at least 81° C. up to 100° C. for at least 15 to 500 minutes. Optionally, the method may also include adding a crosslinking agent, diluent or both to the soy flour/urea adhesive and/or adding an emulsified or dispersed polymer. Adhesives and dispersions prepared according to the methods of this invention offer increased stability and strength properties.
1 . A method for making a stable adhesive, the method comprising:
heating soy flour to a temperature of at least 81° C. until denatured and substantially free of urease; and
adding urea to the soy flour, wherein a stable, soy/urea adhesive is formed.
2 . The method of claim 1 wherein the soy flour is heated to a temperature of from 81° C. to 100° C. for a period of at least 15 to 500 minutes.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the urea is added to the soy flour after the soy flour is substantially free of urease.
4 . The method of claim 1 wherein the urea is added to the soy flour before the soy flour is substantially free of urease.
5 . The method of claim 1 wherein the urea is added to the substantially urease-free soy flour in an amount equivalent to at most five parts urea for every one part soy flour.
6 . The method of claim 1 further comprising adding a crosslinking agent to the soy/urea adhesive.
7 . The method of claim 6 wherein the crosslinking agent is a formaldehyde-free crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of isocyanate, polyamine epichlorohydrin resin, polyamidoamine-epichlorohydrin resin, polyalkylene polyamine-epichlorohydrin, amine polymer-epichlorohydrin resin epoxy, aldehyde, aldehyde starch, dialdehyde starch, glyoxal, urea glyoxal, urea-aldehyde resin and mixtures thereof.
8 . The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of drying the soy/urea adhesive to produce a powder adhesive.
9 . The method of claim 6 wherein the crosslinking agent is a formaldehyde-containing crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde, phenol resorcinol and any combination thereof.
10 . The method of claim 1 further comprising adding a diluent to the soy/urea adhesive.
11 . The method of claim 10 wherein the diluent is selected from the group consisting of glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol and polymeric versions thereof.
12 . A method for making a stable soy/urea dispersion, the method comprising:
heating soy flour to a temperature of at least 81° C. until denatured and substantially free of urease;
adding urea to the soy flour to form a soy/urea adhesive; and
adding a polymer to the soy/urea adhesive, wherein a stable soy/urea dispersion is formed.
13 . The method of claim 12 wherein the polymer is an emulsified or dispersed polymer.
14 . The method of claim 12 wherein the polymer is polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) or phenol formaldehyde.
15 . The method of claim 12 wherein the soy flour is heated to a temperature of from 81° C. to 100° C. for at least 15 to 500 minutes.
16 . The method of claim 12 wherein the urea is added to the soy flour in an amount equivalent to at most five parts and at least 0.25 parts urea for every one part soy flour.
17 . The method of claim 12 further comprising adding a crosslinking agent to the soy/urea dispersion.
18 . The method of claim 17 wherein the crosslinking agent is a formaldehyde-free crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of polymeric methyl diphenyl diisocyanate, polyamine epichlorohydrin, epoxy and glyoxal.
19 . The method of claim 17 wherein the crosslinking agent is added in an amount between 0.1 and eighty percent by weight.
20 . The method of claim 17 wherein the crosslinking agent is a formaldehyde-containing crosslinking agent selected from the group consisting of formaldehyde, phenol formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea formaldehyde, melamine urea formaldehyde, phenol resorcinol and any combination thereof.