Membrane electrode assemblies with hydrogen peroxide decomposition catalyst

1. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:

an anode including a first hydrogen oxidation catalyst;

a cathode;

a membrane disposed between said anode and said cathode; and

a peroxide decomposition catalyst positioned in a first porous layer between said anode and said membrane and in a second porous layer between said cathode and said membrane, wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst has selectivity when exposed to hydrogen peroxide toward reactions which form benign products from said hydrogen peroxide, and wherein said first and second porous layers each have a porosity of greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 20%, wherein the porosity of the first and second porous layers is less than that of the anode and the cathode, and wherein at least one of said anode, cathode, membrane, first porous layer, and second porous layer includes perfluorinated polymer electrolyte ionomer material, wherein the first porous layer is separate from the anode, the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the peroxide decomposition catalyst comprise different elements, the peroxide decomposition catalyst constitutes between about 5% and about 50% of the first porous layer by volume, and the anode includes a hydrophobic porous anode catalyst layer including the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the first porous layer is hydrophilic.

2. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein the membrane is a reinforced membrane selected from the group consisting of macro-reinforced membranes comprising an ion exchange material combined with a woven fabric media and micro-reinforced membranes comprising ion exchange material combined with non-ionically functional microporous media.

3. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst comprises an element selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Ir, C, Ag, Au, Rh, Ru, Sn, Si, Ti, Zr, Al, Hf, Ta, Nb, Ce and combinations thereof.

4. The assembly of claim 3 , wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst comprises an element selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Ir, C, Ag, Au, Rh, Ru and combinations thereof.

5. The assembly of claim 3 , wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst is supported on a support selected from the group consisting of oxides of Ru, Sn, Si, Ti, Zr, Al, Hf, Ta, Nb and Ce, zeolites, carbon and combinations thereof.

6. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst comprises an element selected from the group consisting of Ag, Au, C and combinations thereof.

7. The assembly of claim 6 , wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst is supported on carbon.

8. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein said peroxide decomposition catalyst is carbon.

9. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein said first porous layer is electrically connected to said anode.

10. The assembly of claim 1 , wherein said first porous layer further comprises a second hydrogen oxidation catalyst.

11. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein:

the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst comprises platinum; and

the peroxide decomposition catalyst comprises an element selected from the group consisting of Pd, Ir, C, Ag, Au, Rh, Sn, Si, Ti, Zr, Al, Hf, Ta, Nb, Ce.

12. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein:

the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst consists of platinum; and

the peroxide decomposition catalyst consists of an element selected from the group consisting of Pd, Ir, C, Ag, Au, Rh, Sn, Si, Ti, Zr, Al, Hf, Ta, Nb, Ce.

13. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:

an anode including a first hydrogen oxidation catalyst;

a cathode;

a membrane positioned between the anode and the cathode; and

a peroxide decomposition catalyst positioned in a porous layer between the anode and the membrane, wherein the peroxide decomposition catalyst has selectivity when exposed to hydrogen peroxide toward reactions which form benign products from the hydrogen peroxide, and wherein the porous layer has a porosity of greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 20%, wherein the porosity of the porous layer is less than that of the anode and the cathode, and wherein at least one of the anode, cathode, membrane, and porous layer includes perfluorinated polymer electrolyte ionomer material, wherein the porous layer is separate from the anode, the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the peroxide decomposition catalyst comprise different elements, the peroxide decomposition catalyst constitutes between about 5% and about 50% of the porous layer by volume, and the anode includes a hydrophobic porous anode catalyst layer including the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the porous layer is hydrophilic.

14. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13 , wherein the porous layer includes a woven fabric media.

15. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 13 , wherein the porous layer has a porosity of between about 0% and about 5%.

16. A membrane electrode assembly, comprising:

an anode including a first hydrogen oxidation catalyst;

a cathode;

a membrane disposed between the anode and the cathode; and

a peroxide decomposition catalyst positioned in a porous layer between the cathode and the membrane, the peroxide decomposition catalyst has selectivity when exposed to hydrogen peroxide toward reactions which form benign products from the hydrogen peroxide, and the porous layer has a porosity of greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 20%, the porosity of the porous layer is less than that of the anode and the cathode, and at least one of the anode, cathode, membrane, and porous layer includes perfluorinated polymer electrolyte ionomer material, wherein the porous layer is separate from the cathode, the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the peroxide decomposition catalyst comprise different elements, the peroxide decomposition catalyst constitutes between about 5% and about 50% of the porous layer by volume, and the anode includes a hydrophobic porous anode catalyst layer including the first hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the porous layer is hydrophilic.

17. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 16 , wherein the porous layer includes a woven fabric media.

18. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 16 , wherein the porous layer has a porosity of between about 0% and about 5%.

19. A device, comprising:

a membrane electrode assembly that includes:

a membrane including a perfluorinated polymer electrolyte ionomer material;

a porous anode catalyst layer including a hydrogen oxidation catalyst; and

a porous peroxide decomposition layer including a peroxide decomposition catalyst, the peroxide decomposition catalyst being configured to catalyze reactions to have benign decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, the porous peroxide decomposition layer having a porosity of greater than 0% and less than about 20%, and the porosity of the porous peroxide decomposition layer being less than a porosity of the porous anode catalyst layer, wherein the porous peroxide decomposition layer is separate from the porous anode catalyst layer, the hydrogen oxidation catalyst and the peroxide decomposition catalyst comprise different elements, the peroxide decomposition catalyst constitutes between about 5% and about 50% of the porous peroxide decomposition layer by volume, and the porous anode catalyst layer is hydrophobic and the porous peroxide decomposition layer is hydrophilic.

20. The device of claim 19 , wherein the porous anode catalyst layer has a lower ionomer content, by volume and by weight, than the porous peroxide decomposition layer.

21. The device of claim 19 , wherein the porous peroxide decomposition layer includes a woven fabric media.

22. The device of claim 19 , wherein the porosity of the porous peroxide decomposition layer is between about 0% and about 5%.