SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR TREATING GROUNDWATER
A method and apparatus for removing fluorinated hydrocarbons and/or perchlorate species from groundwater which can utilize ion exchange media comprising a hydrophobic polymeric matrix. Fluorinated hydrocarbons can be reduced to a parts per trillion level and perchlorate to a low parts per billion level, rendering the groundwater suitable for consumption as drinking water under regulatory standards.
1 . A method of treating groundwater comprising:
providing groundwater containing at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species at a concentration of less than about 250 parts per billion, the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species comprising at least one of PFOA and PFOS; and
contacting the groundwater to be treated with ion exchange media, the ion exchange media having a hydrophobic polymeric matrix.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the groundwater contains at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species at a concentration of less than about 25 parts per billion.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of contacting the groundwater to be treated with ion exchange media comprises reducing the level of the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species to less than about 100 parts per trillion.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the step of contacting the groundwater to be treated with ion exchange media comprises reducing the level of the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species to less than about ten parts per trillion.
5 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing groundwater containing at least one perchlorate species at a concentration of greater than six micrograms/liter.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species comprises PFOA and PFOS.
7 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing a representation of a concentration of the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species in the treated groundwater at a location downstream of the ion exchange media.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the representation is based on a measured characteristic of at least one surrogate species for the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising contacting the groundwater to be treated with the ion exchange media in a vessel in a treatment system, wherein substantially all wetted components of the treatment system are substantially free of fluorinated hydrocarbon-based materials.
10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising regenerating the ion exchange media.
11 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising recovering fluorinated hydrocarbons from the media.
12 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising incinerating the ion exchange media.
13 . The method of claim 1 wherein the groundwater is obtained from an aquifer.
14 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the ion exchange media is replaced in response to a representation of a concentration of the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species in water at a location downstream of the ion exchange media.
15 . The method of claim 1 , where the ion exchange media is replaced after a predefined number of hours of operation.
16 . The method of claim 15 wherein the predefined number of hours is calculated from a measured concentration of at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species in water at a location upstream of the ion exchange media.
17 . The method of claim 1 further comprising post-treating the groundwater.
18 . The method of claim 17 wherein the post treatment step comprises passing the water over a polishing bed of ion exchange resin.
19 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing treated groundwater to a source including at least one of a source of potable water, a source of water for household use, and a source of water for industrial use.
20 . A system for treating groundwater comprising:
a source of groundwater containing at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species at a concentration of less than about 250 parts per billion, the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species selected from the group consisting of PFOA and PFOS;
a vessel containing ion exchange media in fluid communication with the source of groundwater to be treated, the ion exchange media having a hydrophobic polymeric matrix; and
a sensor disposed to provide a representation of a concentration of at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species in water at a location downstream of the vessel.
21 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the vessel contains a strong base ion exchange media.
22 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the hydrophobic polymeric matrix comprises of at least one of styrene and di-vinyl benzene.
23 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the ion exchange media comprises functional moieties comprising of at least one of hydroxide, sulfate, and chloride forms of any of tri-ethyl amine, tri-propyl amine, and tri-butyl amine functional groups.
24 . The system of claim 20 , wherein the sensor provides the representation based on a measured characteristic of at least one surrogate species for the at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species.
25 . A system for treating water comprising:
a source of groundwater containing at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species at a concentration of less than about 250 parts per billion;
an ion exchange bed in fluid communication with the source of groundwater comprising ion exchange media having functional moieties on a hydrophobic polymer matrix, the functional moieties selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, sulfate, and chloride forms of any of tri-ethyl amine, tri-propyl amine, and tri-butyl amine functional groups.
26 . The system of claim 25 , further comprising a sensor disposed to provide a representation of a concentration of at least one fluorinated hydrocarbon species in water at a location downstream of the ion exchange bed.
27 . The system of claim 25 , wherein substantially all wetted components of the treatment system are substantially free of fluorinated hydrocarbon-based materials.
28 . The system of claim 25 , wherein the ion exchange media is a strong base ion exchange media comprising of at least one of styrene and di-vinyl benzene.