Heating element, and heatable pane comprising a heating element
View Patent ↗A heating element including a current conductor through which electric power is conducted and electricity converted into heat by a voltage drop across an ohmic resistor. The heating element is a planar or a strip-shaped structure and is provided with at least one support layer and an adhesive layer, while the current conductor is designed as an additional, current-conducting layer which is arranged between the support layer and the adhesive layer. The support layer, the current-conducting layer, and the adhesive layer are transparent.
1. A heating element comprising: a backing layer, an adhesive layer, a first current-conducting layer for conducting electrical current, wherein, as a result of a drop in voltage, the electrical current is convertible into heat,
wherein the first current-conducting layer is disposed between the backing layer and the adhesive layer,
wherein the backing layer, the adhesive layer and the first current-conducting layer form a transparent structure,
wherein the heating element is in the form of a planar structure defined by a plane,
wherein a portion of the first current-conducting layer directly contacts the adhesive layer, and electrical contacts are located at edges of first current-conducting layer apart from the adhesive layer and covered with electrically conductive layer with a greater electrical conductivity than the electrical contacts;
wherein each of the backing layer, the adhesive layer and the first current-conducting layer is transparent, the first current-conducting layer comprises carbon nanotubes, and a drop of voltage results in substantially uniform heating throughout the planar structure;
wherein a temperature difference in the plane of the planar structure, apart from marginal regions in a region of contacting, is no greater than 20% of a maximum final temperature attained in the plane of the planar structure.
2. The heating element according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are embedded in a transparent matrix.
3. The heating element according to claim 2 , wherein the transparent matrix has a polymeric binder.
4. The heating element according to claim 1 , wherein the backing layer is configured such that the heating element, as a whole, is flexible.
5. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the first current conductive layer has regions of varying electrical resistance providing different heating power.
6. The heating element of claim 2 , wherein the transparent matrix is prepared from at least one monomer selected such that the resulting polymer is a pressure-sensitive adhesive.
7. The heating element of claim 2 , wherein the transparent matrix material is a pressure-sensitive acrylate adhesive.
8. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes have an average length of at least 10 μm.
9. The heating element of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes have an average outer diameter of less than 40 nm.
10. The heating element of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes have an average ratio of length to outer diameter of at least 250.
11. The heating element of claim 8 , wherein at least one surface of the carbon nanotubes is chemically modified.
12. The heating element of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are single-walled.
13. The heating element of claim 8 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are multi-walled.
14. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise a plurality of nanotubes positioned in the direction of the current flow directed by positions of contact electrodes.
15. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the first current-conducting layer further comprises an intrinsically conductive polymer.
16. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the adhesive layer is designed as a self-adhesive layer.
17. The heating element of claim 16 , wherein the self-adhesive layer is an acrylate adhesive layer.
18. The heating element of claim 16 , wherein the self-adhesive layer is a styrene block copolymer adhesive layer.
19. The heating element of claim 16 , wherein the self-adhesive layer has a transparency of greater than 70%.
20. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the first current-conducting layer has a transparency of not more than 80%.
21. The heating element according to claim 14 , wherein the first current-conducting layer has regions of varying concentration and/or types of carbon nanotubes.
22. The heating element of claim 1 , wherein the first current-conducting layer contains a binder prepared from a solution or dispersion in an organic solvents or in water.
23. The heating element of claim 15 , wherein the first current-conducting layer comprises conductive components.
24. The heating element of claim 23 , wherein the conductive components are intrinsically conductive polymers.