Optimised energy storage device having capacitor material on lead based negative electrode
A lead-acid battery comprising: —at least one negative electrode comprising lead-based battery electrode material and at least one region of capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material, each electrode being in electrical connection to an outer terminal of the battery, and —at least one positive lead-dioxide based battery electrode, each positive electrode being in electrical connection to a second outer terminal of the battery, —separator interleaving the facing electrodes; —electrolyte filling at least the space of the electrodes and separators wherein the capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material comprises 20-65% by weight of a high electrical conductivity carbonaceous material, 30-70% of a high specific surface area carbonaceous material, at least 0.1% lead and binder.
1. A lead-acid battery comprising:
at least one negative electrode comprising lead-based battery electrode material and at least one region of capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material, each electrode being in electrical connection to an outer terminal of the battery, and
at least one positive electrode which is a lead-dioxide based battery electrode without a capacitor material, each positive electrode being in electrical connection to a second outer terminal of the battery,
separator interleaving the facing electrodes
electrolyte filling at least the space of the electrodes and separators
wherein the capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material comprises 34-65% by weight of a high electrical conductivity carbonaceous material, 35-52% of a high specific surface area carbonaceous material, at least 0.1% lead and binder, and
wherein the capacitor material of each negative electrode constitutes between 1 and 15% by weight of the lead-based battery electrode material.
2. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the binder is present in an amount of between 1 and 30% by weight.
3. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor material consists of 34-65% high electrical conductivity carbonaceous material, 35-52% high specific surface area carbonaceous material, 3-40% lead, 5-20% binder and 2-10% fiber reinforcement material.
4. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein a layer of capacitor material overlies all surface areas of the lead-based battery electrode material that face a positive electrode.
5. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrodes each comprise a current collector, which is coated on both faces with lead-based battery electrode material, and a layer of capacitor material overlying each face of lead-based battery electrode material that is opposite to a positive electrode.
6. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material has a porosity of between 50-90%.
7. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is composed of sulfuric acid aqueous solution containing 0.01-0.3 mol/L of aluminum or 5-50 g/L of Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .18H 2 O.
8. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , which is a valve regulated lead acid battery.
9. The lead-acid battery of claim 8 , further comprising absorptive glass microfibre or absorbed glass mat separators between adjacent electrodes.
10. The lead-acid battery of claim 8 , wherein the battery has a pressure on the electrodes of between 20 and 100 kPa.
11. The lead-acid battery of claim 8 , which is operable at between 95-50% SoC.
12. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , which is a flooded electrolyte lead-acid battery.
13. The lead-acid battery of claim 12 , wherein the battery has a pressure on the electrodes of between 5 and 45 kPa.
14. The lead-acid battery of claim 12 , wherein the separators are interleaving the facing electrodes porous polymer separators.
15. The lead-acid battery of claim 14 , wherein the porous polymer separators further comprise unwoven fibrous material reinforcement.
16. The lead-acid battery of claim 12 , which is operable at between 98-80% SoC.
17. An automobile comprising a lead-acid battery of claim 12 , an internal combustion engine and an alternator.
18. A lead-acid battery comprising:
at least one negative electrode comprising lead-based battery electrode material and at least one region of capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material, each electrode being in electrical connection to an outer terminal of the battery, and
at least one positive lead-dioxide based battery electrode without a capacitor material, each positive electrode being in electrical connection to a second outer terminal of the battery,
separator interleaving the facing electrodes
electrolyte filling at least the space of the electrodes and separators
wherein the capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material comprises 34-65% by weight of a high electrical conductivity carbonaceous material, 35-52% of a high specific surface area carbonaceous material, at least 0.1% lead and binder, and a polymeric fiber reinforcement material in an amount up to 10% by weight, and
wherein the capacitor material of each negative electrode constitutes between 1 and 15% by weight of the lead-based battery electrode material.
19. A lead-acid battery comprising:
at least one negative electrode comprising lead-based battery electrode material and at least one region of capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material, each electrode being in electrical connection to an outer terminal of the battery, and
at least one positive lead-dioxide based battery electrode without a capacitor material, each positive electrode being in electrical connection to a second outer terminal of the battery,
separator interleaving the facing electrodes
electrolyte filling at least the space of the electrodes and separators
wherein the capacitor material overlying the lead-based battery electrode material comprises 34-65% by weight of a high electrical conductivity carbonaceous material, 35-52% of a high specific surface area carbonaceous material, at least 0.1% lead and binder, and a non-conductive polymeric fiber reinforcement material in an amount up to 10% by weight, and
wherein the capacitor material of each negative electrode constitutes between 1 and 15% by weight of the lead-based battery electrode material.
20. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the capacitor material of each negative electrode constitutes between 5 and 10% by weight of the lead-based battery electrode material.
21. The lead-acid battery of claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive current collector, formed from a lead alloy comprising 0.005-0.15% by weight Ba, 0.03-0.08% by weight Ca, 0.4-2.2% by weight Sn, and lead.
22. The lead-acid battery of claim 18 , wherein the capacitor material of each negative electrode constitutes between 5 and 10% by weight of the lead-based battery electrode material.
23. The lead-acid battery of claim 19 , wherein the capacitor material of each negative electrode constitutes between 5 and 10% by weight of the lead-based battery electrode material.
24. The lead-acid battery of claim 19 , wherein the positive electrode comprises a positive current collector, formed from a lead alloy comprising 0.005-0.15% by weight Ba, 0.03-0.08% by weight Ca, 0.4-2.2% by weight Sn, and lead.
25. The lead-acid battery of claim 21 , wherein lead constitutes the balance of the lead alloy.