Plasma-catalyzed fuel reformer

1. A reformer comprising:

a plasma zone to receive a pre-heated mixture of reactants and ionize the reactants by applying an electrical potential thereto;

a first thermally conductive surface surrounding the plasma zone and configured to transfer heat from an external heat source into the plasma zone;

a reaction zone to chemically transform the ionized reactants into synthesis gas comprising a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; a second thermally conductive surface surrounding the reaction zone and configured to transfer heat from the external heat source into the reaction zone, wherein the second thermally conductive surface and the first thermally conductive surface are both directly exposed to the external heat source; and

a housing containing the plasma zone and reaction zone and physically configured such that the plasma zone and reaction zone are not co-axial, thereby imparting an elongated aspect ratio to the reformer, wherein the housing further comprises unobstructed open space between the plasma zone and reaction zone to facilitate heat transfer into and around the plasma and reaction zones.

2. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reactants comprise a feedstock fuel and an oxidant.

3. The reformer of claim 2 , wherein the first thermally conductive surface and the second thermally conductive surface have a surface area sufficient to transfer between about two and thirty percent of the heating value of the feedstock fuel present in the reformer into the plasma and reaction zones to provide the heat of reformation.

4. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reformer is characterized by a length and width, and wherein the aspect ratio of the length to width is greater than 1:1.

5. The reformer of claim 4 , wherein the aspect ratio of the length to width is greater than 1.5:1.

6. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the housing is one of a U-shaped, M-shaped, and serpentine-shaped housing.

7. The reformer of claim 2 , wherein the feedstock fuel comprises at least one of a hydrocarbon and carbon.

8. The reformer of claim 2 , wherein the oxidant comprises at least one of steam, oxygen, and an oxygen-containing compound.

9. The reformer of claim 2 , wherein the oxidant is provided in substoichiometric amounts to partially oxidize the feedstock fuel.

10. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the pre-heated mixture of reactants is provided as a vapor.

11. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the plasma zone uses a gliding electric arc to ionize the reactants.

12. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone comprises a reaction bed to at least one of homogenize the reactants by mixing, and homogenize the reactants by chemical buffering.

13. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone comprises a reaction bed containing catalysts to promote equilibration of reactive species at temperatures lower than the temperature of reformation.

14. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the external heat source is one of a solid-oxide fuel cell, a molten-carbonate fuel cell, a phosphoric acid fuel cell, and a Fischer-Tropsch process.

15. The reformer of claim 14 , wherein at least one reactant comprises CO 2 obtained as a product of the fuel cell reaction.

16. The reformer of claim 14 , wherein at least one reactant comprises steam obtained as a product of the fuel cell reaction.

17. The reformer of claim 1 , wherein the reformer and external heat source are disposed within an insulated enclosure.

18. The reformer of claim 1 , further comprising a heating zone to heat the preheated mixture.