Devices and methods for minimizing and treating high-altitude sickness
A device and method for treating high-altitude sickness can include a handheld device, and can deliver a therapeutic amount of nitric oxide to an individual's lungs in order to minimize or treat high-altitude sickness. The device is self-contained and portable, which allows an individual to carry and use the device in high-altitude or other low-oxygen environments.
1. An apparatus comprising:
a diffusion tube including:
a reservoir configured to contain liquid dinitrogen tetroxide (N 2 O 4 ) and having a gas space configured to be filled with gaseous nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in equilibrium with the N 2 O 4 when the reservoir contains the liquid N 2 O 4 ; and
a conduit constructed of a material impermeable to the gaseous NO 2 extending into the gas space of the reservoir, the conduit defining a narrow bore capillary tube having a first end in direct contact with the gas space directly over a surface of the liquid NO 2 , a diffusion rate of the gaseous NO 2 from the diffusion tube being constant and defined by a diameter and a length of the narrow bore capillary tube if temperature remains constant;
coupled to a second end of the narrow bore capillary tube, the conversion cartridge configured to convert the gaseous NO 2 into gaseous nitric oxide (NO); and
a patient interface coupled to the conversion cartridge and configured to deliver the gaseous NO to a patient.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a pump in communication with the reservoir.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patient interface is a mouthpiece, nasal cannula, face mask, or fully-sealed face mask.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reservoir is in fluid communication with a source of at least one of nitrogen, air, oxygen-enriched air, or substantially pure oxygen, such that the gas space of the reservoir is configured to contain a mixture of the gaseous NO 2 and the at least one of nitrogen, air, oxygen-enriched air, or substantially pure oxygen.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conversion cartridge includes a surface-activated material wetted with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the surface-activated material is a silica gel.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the antioxidant is at least one of ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol, or aamma tocopherol.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patient interface is a delivery tube adapted to contact the patient's mouth or nose.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reservoir contains compressed nitrogen dioxide and a diluent gas.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conversion cartridge is configured to convert the gaseous NO 2 into the gaseous NO at a flow rate of less than 60 L/min.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 , further comprising a pump in communication with the reservoir.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the pump is a battery-driven pump.
13. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the patient interface is a mouthpiece, nasal cannula, face mask, or fully-sealed face mask.
14. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the reservoir is in fluid communication with a source of at least one of nitrogen, air, oxygen-enriched air, or substantially pure oxygen, such that the gas space of the reservoir is configured to contain a mixture of the gaseous NO 2 and the at least one of nitrogen, air, oxygen-enriched air, or substantially pure oxygen.
15. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the conversion cartridge includes a surface-activated material wetted with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the surface-activated material is a silica gel.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the antioxidant is at least one of ascorbic acid, alpha tocopherol, or gamma tocopherol.
18. Apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the reservoir contains compressed nitrogen dioxide and a diluent gas.
19. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the patient interface is a nasal cannula.
20. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conversion cartridge includes:
at least two concentric annular particle filters; and
a surface-active material wetted with a solution of antioxidant in water.
21. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conversion cartridge includes a particle filter and a surface-active material wetted with a solution of antioxidant in water cast as a solid matrix.
22. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a heating element associated with the reservoir.
23. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conversion cartridge is configured to convert the gaseous NO 2 into the gaseous NO at ambient temperatures.
24. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the conduit that defines the narrow bore capillary tube is constructed of stainless steel.
25. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reservoir has a spherical shape such that the diffusion tube is configured to function at any orientation and to withstand vibration.