Crosslinking methods and applications thereof
Some aspects of this disclosure relate to a method for forming a biomaterial in situ comprising: combining a solution of a crosslinker in a water soluble organic solvent with a precursor to covalently crosslink the precursor to form a crosslinked gel, with the crosslinker comprising a plurality of first functional groups and the precursor comprising a plurality of second functional groups, with the first functional groups chemically reacting with the second functional groups in situ to form covalent bonds and thereby form the crosslinked gel.
1. A method for forming a biomaterial in situ comprising:
combining a nonaqueous solution of a crosslinker in a water soluble organic solvent with a water soluble precursor to covalently crosslink the precursor to form a crosslinked gel on a live tissue of a patient at the site wherein the gel is to be used, with the crosslinker comprising a plurality of first functional groups and the precursor comprising a plurality of second functional groups, with the first functional groups chemically reacting with the second functional groups in situ to form covalent bonds and thereby form the crosslinked gel.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor is soluble in the organic solvent.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the solvent comprises dimethyl formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, or n-methyl pyrrolidinone.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor comprises a protein.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the protein is in a blood fluid and the method comprises adding the crosslinker to the blood fluid.
6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the protein is in a biological fluid and the method comprises adding the crosslinker to the biological fluid.
7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the protein comprises fibrin, fibrinogen, or albumin.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the precursor is a synthetic polymer.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the synthetic polymer comprises polyethylene glycol.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the crosslinker further comprises a hydrolytically degradable group.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solvent is a polymer, with the polymer being stable in the presence of a strong electrophile or nucleophile.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the polymer is chosen from the group consisting of propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 600, and methoxy terminated polyethylene glycol.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the crosslinker is a polyethylene glycol derivative or comprises a polyethylene glycol in which three or more end groups have each been replaced with one of the first functional groups.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the first functional groups or the second functional groups are chosen from the group consisting of epoxide, succinimide, N-hydroxysuccinimide, acrylate, methacrylate, maleimide, and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the first functional groups or the second functional groups are chosen from the group consisting of amines, sulfhydryl, carboxyls, or hydroxyls.
16. The method of claim 1 further comprising providing a visualization agent that is present before the crosslinker and precursor are combined and that is also present in the gel after the gel is formed.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solvent comprises polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight between 200 and 2000.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the gel is hydrolytically biodegradable.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein the crosslinker is a polyethylene glycol derivative or comprises a polyethylene glycol in which three or more end groups have each been replaced with one of the first functional groups.