Functionalized fluorescent nanocrystal detection system
The present invention include fluorescent nanocrystals which have high fluorescence intensity, are water soluble, exhibit physical and chemical stability, and whose spectral properties are detectably modified as the size of functional groups bonded to the nanocrystal surface change when contacted with target molecules in a sample. The molecules in the sample add to or reduce the size of functional groups on the fluorescent nanocrystal proportional to the activity and amount of the target molecules. The present invention may be used to detect telomerase in a sample.
1. A composition comprising:
one or more fluorescent nanocrystals;
a coating material comprising imidazole-containing molecules bonded by an imidazole group of the molecule to the surface of the fluorescent nanocrystals, wherein the imidazole-containing molecules each comprise at least one glycine, phenylalanine, or leucine group; and
one or more functional groups bonded to the coating material; the functional group bonded at a first end to the coating of the fluorescent nanocrystal, the second end of the functional groups extending from the nanocrystal coating.
2. The composition of claim 1 further comprising one or more acceptors or donors linked to the functional groups bonded to the coating material, the linked acceptor or donor exchanging energy with the fluorescent nanocrystal.
3. The composition of claim 1 where the functional groups comprise polynucleotides, polypeptides, glycoproteins, polysaccharides, lipoproteins, or combinations of these.
4. The composition of claim 1 where the fluorescent nanocrystal coating further comprises a cross linking agent.
5. The composition of claim 1 where the fluorescent nanocrystal composition further comprises a buffer and the composition is at a temperature of about 37° or greater.
6. The composition of claim 1 where the fluorescent nanocrystal composition includes a transfecting agent and cells and wherein the functional groups bonded to the coating can be elongated or shortened in the cells.
7. The composition of claim 1 where the one or more functional groups comprise telomerase primers bonded to the coating material; the primers bonded at a first end to the coating of the nanocrystal, the second end of the primer extending from the nanocrystal coating, where the spectral or physical properties of the fluorescent nanocrystal are modified by sequential elongation of the primers when telomerase molecules are present in the sample.
8. The composition of claim 1 where reaction of one or more of the functional groups with one or more target molecules in a sample includes sequential elongation or shortening of the one or more functional groups.
9. The composition of claim 1 where the number of functional groups bonded to the coating is greater than about 100.
10. The composition of claim 1 where the coated fluorescent nanocrystals have a quantum yield of greater than 70%.
11. A method comprising:
contacting a sample with fluorescent nanocrystals, the fluorescent nanocrystals comprising a coating of imidazole-containing molecules bonded by one or more of the imidazole group to the surface of the fluorescent nanocrystals, wherein the imidazole-containing molecules each comprise at least one glycine, phenylalanine, or leucine group; and one or more functional groups bonded to the coating material; the functional groups bonded at a first end to the coating of the fluorescent nanocrystal, the second end of the functional groups extending from the nanocrystal coating;
where the spectral or physical properties of the fluorescent nanocrystal are modified by sequential reaction of one or more of the functional groups with one or more target molecules in a sample; and
correlating a change in the spectral or physical properties of the fluorescent nanocrystals in the sample with the sequential reaction of one or more of the functional groups with one or more target molecules in the sample.
12. The method of claim 11 where the target molecule is an enzyme.
13. The method of claim 11 where the reaction of the functional groups with target molecules results in sequential elongation or sequential shortening of the functional groups.
14. The method of claim 11 where the reaction of functional groups with target molecules results in the addition or removal of one or more acceptors or donors from the functional groups.
15. The method of claim 11 where the change in the spectral or physical properties of the fluorescent nanocrystals in the sample is related to the number of target molecules in the sample.
16. The method of claim 11 where the one or more functional groups comprise telomerase primers bonded to the coating material; the primers bonded at a first end to the coating of the nanocrystal, the second end of the primer extending from the nanocrystal coating, and where the change in the spectral or physical properties of the fluorescent nanocrystal are modified by sequential elongation of the primers reacting with a sample comprising telomerase molecules and nucleotides.
17. The method of claim 11 where reaction of the functional groups with the target molecules in the sample occurs at a temperature of about 20° C. or greater.
18. The method of claim 11 where the spectral property is energy transfer, Stokes shift, a polarization shift, or a combination of these.
19. The method of claim 11 where the one or more acceptors or donors linked to the functional groups bonded to the coating material exchange energy with the fluorescent nanocrystal.
20. The method of claim 16 where the nucleotides further include nucleotides with an acceptor or donor label.
21. The composition of claim 1 where each imidazole-containing molecule further comprises a histidine group.
22. The composition of claim 1 where the fluorescent nanocrystal coating is cross linked.
23. The composition of claim 1 where the composition is stable upon prolonged storage in an aqueous medium.
24. The method of claim 11 where each imidazole-containing molecule further comprises a histidine group.