Rate control for stream switching

1. An apparatus comprising:

a first node configured to:

communicate with a second node;

receive a first stream, a bridging stream, and a second stream from the second node;

buffer the bridging stream before playing the bridging stream;

buffer the second stream before playing the second stream; and

play the bridging stream before playing the second stream,

wherein the bridging stream has a higher bit-rate than the first stream, but a lower bit-rate than the second stream, and

wherein the bridging stream has similar content as the first stream and the second stream.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bridging stream has a shorter buffering time than the second stream, and wherein the bridging stream has a higher signal quality than the first stream.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bridging stream meets a Quality of Service (QoS) requirement and/or a Quality of Experience (QoE) requirement for a customer associated with the second node.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bridging stream is transmitted without affecting a network bandwidth.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first stream, the bridging stream, and the second stream are transmitted using packet switching.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first stream, the bridging stream, and the second stream each comprise video content.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first stream, the bridging stream, and the second stream each consist essentially of audio content.

8. An apparatus comprising:

at least one processor configured to:

transmit a first stream at a first time;

transmit a bridging stream at a second time; and

transmit a second stream at a third time,

wherein the bridging stream has a greater bit-rate than and a similar content to the first stream, and

wherein the bridging stream has a lesser bit-rate than and a similar content to the second stream.

9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the first time is equal to about the second time and equal to about the third time.

10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein, the bridging stream is transmitted in response to a request.

11. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein no request to transmit the bridging stream is received by the processor.

12. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the processor is further configured to transmit a second bridging stream that has a bit-rate greater than the bridging stream and less than the second stream, wherein the second bridging stream has a content similar to the bridging stream and the second stream.

13. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the second time is equal to about half a roundtrip communication time (RTT/2) between a first node that transmits the request and a second node that receives the request,

wherein the third time is based on RTT, an effective network bandwidth bw, a minimum buffering time for playing a video frame T buff , a minimum response time for playing the bridging stream T r , a minimum response time for playing the second stream T c , the bridging stream's bit-rate R B , or combinations thereof,

wherein the third time is equal to about

(

T

c

-

T

r

)

×

R

B

bw

,

wherein T r is greater than or equal to about

T

buff

×

R

B

bw

+

RTT

,

wherein T c is greater than or equal to about

RTT

×

bw

-

T

r

×

R

B

+

T

buff

×

R

C

bw

-

R

B

,

 and

where R C is the second stream's bit-rate.

14. A method comprising:

providing, by a processor coupled to a memory, a first stream having a first bit-rate and a first content;

subsequently providing, by the processor, a bridging stream having a bridging bit-rate greater than about the first bit-rate and a bridging content similar to the first content; and

subsequently providing, by the processor, a second stream having a second bit-rate greater than about the first bit-rate and a second content similar to the bridging content.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the first stream, the second stream, and the third stream are all buffered at a customer premises, and

wherein the bridging stream is buffered for a longer time than the first stream but for a shorter time than the second stream.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first bit-rate satisfies a delay constraint, a quality constraint, or both that is determined by a provider and/or a client.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein a difference between the bridging bit rate and the first bit-rate is less than a difference between the bridging bit-rate and the second bit-rate, and wherein the bridging stream has a signal quality closer to the second stream than the first stream.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the relationship between the first bit-rate, the bridging bit-rate, the second bit-rate and a plurality of corresponding Peak Signal to Noise Ratios (PSNRs) is proportional, nonlinear, and convex.

19. The method of claim 14 , wherein each of the first stream, the bridging stream, and the second stream comprise a sequence of frames, wherein at least some of the frames are common between the first stream and the bridging stream, and wherein at least some of the frames are common between the bridging stream and the second stream.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein at least some of the frames are . common between the first stream and the second stream.

21. The method of claim 20 , wherein each of the frames in the bridging stream are common between the first stream, the second stream, or both.

22. The method of claim 14 , wherein each of the first stream, the bridging stream, and the second stream comprise an ordered sequence of frames, and wherein each of the frames in the bridging stream are common with both the last ordered frames in the first stream and the first ordered frames in the second stream.