Apparatus and method for reducing an alkali metal electrochemically at a temperature below the metal's melting temperature

1. A cell for electrolyzing an alkali metal polysulfide into an alkali metal comprising:

an anode compartment comprising an inlet and an outlet;

an anode, wherein at least part of the anode is housed in the anode compartment;

a quantity of anolyte housed within the anode compartment, the anolyte comprising an alkali metal sulfide and/or an alkali metal polysulfide and an anolyte solvent that dissolves, at least partially, elemental sulfur, wherein fresh anolyte is fed into the anode compartment through the inlet and anolyte containing elemental sulfur is removed from the anode compartment through the outlet;

a cathode compartment;

a cathode, wherein at least part of the cathode is housed in the cathode compartment, wherein the alkali metal is plated on the cathode and wherein the cathode comprises a band that is moveable by at least one roller, wherein a first portion of the band is within the cathode compartment and a second portion of the band is outside of the cathode compartment, wherein the first portion may be moved outside of the cathode compartment without disturbing the operation of the cell;

a quantity of catholyte housed within the cathode compartment;

a divider that separates the cathode compartment from the anode compartment, wherein the divider comprises, at least in part, an alkali metal conductive ceramic material or glass ceramic material, and wherein the alkali metal comprises sodium or lithium, wherein the divider is permeable to cations and substantially impermeable to anions, anolyte solvent and dissolved sulfur atoms, and

wherein the cell operates at a temperature below the melting temperature of the alkali metal.

2. The cell as in claim 1 , wherein the anolyte solvent comprises N,N-dimethylaniline, quinoline, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran, benzene, cyclohexane, fluorobenzene, trifluorobenzene, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, toluene, xylene, tetraglyme, diglyme, isopropanol, ethyl propional, dimethyl carbonate, dimethoxy ether, ethanol and ethyl acetate, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, or mixtures of any of the foregoing.

3. The cell as in claim 1 , wherein a portion of the anolyte is removed from the anode compartment to remove elemental sulfur contained therein.

4. The cell as in claim 3 , wherein the elemental sulfur may be removed via gravimetric methods, filtration, centrifugation, and/or combinations of the foregoing.

5. The cell as in claim 3 , wherein the sulfur is removed by cooling the anolyte, precipitating the elemental sulfur, and then separating the solid phase sulfur from the liquid phase solvent.

6. The cell as in claim 1 , wherein the anolyte solvent is polar, wherein the anolyte further comprises an alkali metal hydrosulfide, and wherein the cell will produce a quantity of hydrogen sulfide gas.

7. A method for producing an alkali metal from an alkali metal polysulfide, the method comprising:

obtaining a cell comprising:

an anode compartment;

an anode, wherein at least part of the anode is housed in the anode compartment;

a quantity of anolyte housed within the anode compartment, the anolyte comprising an alkali metal polysulfide and an anolyte solvent that dissolves, at least partially, elemental sulfur;

a cathode compartment;

a cathode, wherein at least part of the cathode is housed in the cathode compartment, wherein the cathode comprises a band that is moveable by at least one roller, wherein a first portion of the band is within the cathode compartment and a second portion of the band is outside of the cathode compartment, wherein the alkali metal is plated on the first portion within the cathode compartment;

a quantity of catholyte housed within the cathode compartment,

operating the cell to plate the alkali metal onto the cathode, wherein the cell operates at a temperature below the melting temperature of the alkali metal; and

removing and recovering the plated alkali metal from the moving cathode.

8. The method as in claim 7 , wherein the first portion may be moved outside of the cathode compartment without disturbing the operation of the cell.

9. The method as in claim 7 , wherein a portion of the anolyte may be removed from the anode compartment to remove elemental sulfur contained therein.

10. The cell as in claim 1 , further comprising a scraper disposed outside the cathode compartment to remove plated alkali metal from the cathode.

11. The cell as in claim 1 , further comprising a heating zone disposed outside the cathode compartment to melt plated alkali metal from the cathode.

12. The method as in claim 7 , wherein the plated alkali metal is removed from the moving cathode by a scraper disposed outside the cathode.

13. The method as in claim 7 , wherein the plated alkali metal is removed from the moving cathode by a heating zone disposed outside the cathode.