Fermentation of pentose sugars
The present invention relates to host cells transformed with a nucleic acid sequence encoding a eukaryotic xylose isomerase obtainable from an anaerobic fungus. When expressed, the sequence encoding the xylose isomerase confers to the host cell the ability to convert xylose to xylulose which may be further metabolized by the host cell. Thus, the host cell is capable of growth on xylose as carbon source. The host cell preferably is a eukaryotic microorganism such as a yeast or a filamentous fungus. The invention further relates to processes for the production of fermentation products such as ethanol, in which a host cell of the invention uses xylose for growth and for the production of the fermentation product. The invention further relates to nucleic acid sequences encoding eukaryotic xylose isomerases and xylulose kinases as obtainable from anaerobic fungi.
1. A process for producing ethanol, comprising the steps of:
(a) fermenting medium containing a source of xylose with a cultured yeast cell that
(i) is transformed with a nucleic acid expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes xylose isomerase protein, the amino acid sequence of which is at least 90% identical with SEQ ID NO:1, to which is operatively linked
(ii) a promoter that drives active expression of the xylose isomerase coding sequence in the transformed cell,
wherein the expression construct is expressible in said cell, and expression thereof confers on the cell the ability to directly isomerize xylose to xylulose, and thereby, to produce ethanol; and
(b) optionally, recovering the ethanol from said medium.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the medium also contains a source of glucose.
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the production of ethanol occurs at a rate of at least 0.5 g ethanol per liter per hour.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the ethanol yield is at least 50%.
5. A process for producing a non-ethanolic fermentation product, which process comprises the steps of:
(a) fermenting a medium containing a source of xylose with a cultured yeast cell that:
(i) is transformed with a nucleic acid expression construct comprising a nucleotide sequence that encodes xylose isomerase protein, the amino acid sequence of which is at least 90% identical with SEQ ID NO:1, which nucleotide sequence is operatively linked to a promoter that drives active expression of the xylose isomerase coding sequence in the transformed cell,
(ii) expresses one or more enzymes that confers on the cell the ability to produce a non-ethanolic fermentation product,
wherein, expression of the construct confers on the cell the ability to directly ferment and isomerize xylose to xylulose and thereby produce said non-ethanolic fermentation product; and
(b) optionally, recovering the non-ethanolic fermentation product from said medium.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the fermentation product is selected from the group consisting of lactic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, an amino acid, 1,3-propanediol, ethylene, and glycerol.
7. A process according to claim 5 , wherein the medium also contains a source of glucose.
8. The process of claim 5 , wherein the cell further comprises a genetic modification that results in decreased alcohol dehydrogenase activity so as to reduce ethanol production by said cell.
9. The process according to claim 1 wherein the xylose isomerase amino acid sequence that is encoded by said coding nucleotide sequence:
(A) comprises a first xylose isomerase signature pattern defined by the presence of residues 185-194 of SEQ ID NO:1;
(B) comprises a second xylose isomerase signature pattern defined by the presence of residues 230-237 of SEQ ID NO:1;
(C) comprises a catalytic triad including the following four residues at the indicated positions in SEQ ID NO:1: His 102 plus Asp 105, and Asp 340 and Lys 235; and,
(D) comprises a Mg-binding site that is residue Glu 233 of SEQ ID NO:1.
10. The process according to claim 5 wherein the xylose isomerase amino acid sequence that is encoded by said coding nucleotide sequence:
(A) comprises a first xylose isomerase signature pattern defined by the presence of residues 185-194 of SEQ ID NO:1;
(B) comprises a second xylose isomerase signature pattern defined by the presence of residues 230-237 of SEQ ID NO:1;
(C) comprises a catalytic triad including the following four residues at the indicated positions in SEQ ID NO:1: His 102 plus Asp 105, and Asp 340 and Lys 235; and,
(D) comprises a Mg-binding site that is residue Glu 233 of SEQ ID NO:1.