Processes for the alkylation of norbuprenorphine with reduced impurity formation
The invention provides processes for the production of opiate alkaloids. In particular, the present invention provides processes for the formation of buprenorphine and derivatives of buprenorphine that minimizes the formation of impurities.
1. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II), the process comprising:
(a) forming a reaction mixture by combining a compound of Formula (I) with MCO 3 , a catalytic additive, and R 1 X 1 , the amount of alkenyl impurity comprising R 1 X 1 being less than 0.15% by weight; and
(b) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature of less than 60° C. to form the compound of Formula (II) according to the following reaction scheme:
wherein;
R 1 is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl, a substituted alkyl, and a cycloalkyl;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halogen, {—}OH, {—}NH 2 , {—}SH, {—}SR 11 , and {—}OR 11 ;
R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a protecting group, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
M is selected from the group consisting of a metal cation having a charge of + 1, and a metal cation group having a charge of + 2;
X is oxygen; and
X 1 is a halogen.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is cyclopropylmethyl, X 1 is a halogen selected from the group consisting of bromide and chloride; R 7 , R 9 , and R 10 are alkyl or substituted alkyl; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 8 are hydrogen; the catalytic additive is selected from the group consisting of potassium iodide and sodium iodide; and MCO 3 is potassium bicarbonate.
3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to catalytic additive is from about 1:1 to about 1:1.5; the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to R 1 X 1 is from about 1:1 to about 1:1.35; and the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to MCO 3 is from about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.
4. The process of claim 1 , further comprising conducting the reaction in the presence of the solvent acetone.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein R 1 X 1 is cyclopropylmethylbromide, MCO 3 is potassium bicarbonate, the catalytic additive is potassium iodide, the reaction is conducted in the presence of acetone, and the alkene impurity comprises 4-bromo-1-butene.
6. The process of claim 1 , further comprising precipitating the compound of Formula (II) from the reaction mixture in step (b) and then recrystallizing the precipitate to yield the compound of Formula (II).
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein the precipitate of Formula (II) is dissolved in the solvent acetonitrile.
8. The process of claim 7 , wherein at least 60% by weight of the acetonitrile is removed by distillation prior to the recrystallization of the compound of Formula (II).
9. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (IIa), the process comprising:
(a) forming a reaction mixture by combining a compound of Formula (I) with MCO 3 , a catalytic additive, and cyclopropylmethylbromide, the cyclopropylmethylbromide comprising less than 0.15% by weight of 4-bromo-1-butene; and
(b) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature of less than 60° C. to form the compound of Formula (IIa) according to the following reaction scheme:
wherein:
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halogen, {—}OH, {—}NH 2 , {—}SH, {—}SR 11 , and {—}OR 11 ;
R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a protecting group, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 8 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
M is selected from the group consisting of a metal cation having a charge of + 1, and a metal cation group having a charge of + 2; and
X is oxygen.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein R 7 , R 9 , and R 10 are alkyl or substituted alkyl; and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 8 are hydrogen.
11. The process of claim 9 , wherein:
R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 8 are hydrogen;
R 7 and R 10 are methyl; and,
R 9 is tertiary butyl.
12. The process of claim 9 , further comprising conducting the reaction in the presence of the solvent acetone.
13. The process of claim 12 , wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to catalytic additive is from about 1:1 to about 1:1.5; the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to cyclopropylmethylbromide is from about 1:1 to about 1:1.35; and the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to MCO 3 is from about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein MCO 3 is potassium bicarbonate, the catalytic additive is potassium iodide, and the reaction is conducted in the presence of acetone.
15. The process of claim 9 , wherein the cyclopropylmethylbromide comprises less than 0.05% by weight of 4-bromo-1-butene.
16. The process of claim 9 , wherein the product formed comprises less than 0.15% by weight of an impurity selected from the group consisting of (2S)-2-[17-(but-3-enyl)-4,5α-epoxy-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-6α,14-ethano-14α-morphinan-7α-yl]-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol, 6,14-Ethenomorphinan-7-methanol, 17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-α-methyl-, (αS,5α,7α), (2S)-2-[17-(cyclopropylmethyl)-4,5α-epoxy-3,6-dihydroxy-6α,14-ethano-14α-morphinan-7α-yl]-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol (6-O-desmethylbuprenorphine), and combinations thereof.
17. The process of claim 16 , wherein the product formed comprises less than 0.15% by weight of (2S)-2-[17-(but-3-enyl)-4,5α-epoxy-3-hydroxy-6-methoxy-6α,14-ethano-14α-morphinan-7α-yl]-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol.
18. The process of claim 9 , further comprising precipitating the compound of Formula (IIa) from the reaction mixture in step (b) and then recrystallizing the precipitate to yield the compound of Formula (IIa).
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein the precipitate of Formula (II) is dissolved in the solvent acetonitrile.
20. The process of claim 19 , wherein at least 60% by weight of the acetonitrile is removed by distillation prior to the recrystallization of the compound of Formula (II).