Recycling process for increasing the yield of opiate alkaloid derivatives
The present invention provides processes for the production of opiate alkaloids. In particular, the present invention provides processes for increasing the yield of opiate alkaloids by introducing at least one recycling step.
1. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (II), the process comprising:
(a) forming a reaction mixture that comprises a compound of Formula (I) and R 9 MgX 1 such that a reaction occurs to yield a reaction product that comprises the compound of Formula (II) and an amount of the compound of Formula (I) that is unreacted according to the following reaction scheme:
wherein:
R 1 , R 8 R 9 , and R 10 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl and substituted hydrocarbyl;
R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halogen, {—}OH, {—}NH 2 , {—}SH, {—}SR 10 , and {—}OR 10 ;
R 6 and R 7 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a protecting group, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl;
X is oxygen; and
X 1 is a halogen atom;
(b) quenching the reaction product of step (a);
(c) filtering the quenched reaction product of step (b) to form a filtrate comprising an amount of the compound of Formula (I) and an amount of the compound of Formula (II); and
(d) recycling by combining the filtrate of step (c) with the reaction mixture of step (a) and repeating steps (b) and (c).
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein R 1 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are alkyl or substituted alkyl; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, and substituted aryl.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 6 are hydrogen.
4. The process of claim 1 , wherein R 9 is an alkyl or substituted alkyl, and X 1 is chloride or bromide.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein step (d) is repeated up to four times.
6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (I) to R 9 MgX 1 is from about 1:1 to about 1:5; step (a) is conducted at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 100° C. and in the presence of a solvent system comprising an aprotic solvent; the reaction of step (b) is cooled to a temperature of less than about 20° C.; and step (d) is repeated up to four times.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein R 9 is an alkyl or substituted alkyl; X 1 is chloride or bromide; and the solvent system comprises toluene and tetrahydrofuran.
8. The process of claim 6 , wherein an amount of the compound of Formula (II) crystallizes in step (b) as the reaction mixture is cooled.
9. The process of claim 1 , wherein repeating step (d) four times increases the yield of the compound of Formula (II) by at least 20% compared to when no recycling step (d) is performed.
10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the optical activity of the compound of Formula (I) or (II) is selected from the group consisting of (+), (−), and combinations thereof; the configuration of each of C5 and C6 is R; and the configuration of C7, C9, C13, and C14, respectively, is selected from the group consisting of RRSS, RSRR, SRSS, and SSRR, provided that the C15 and the C16 carbons are both either on the alpha face or the beta face of the molecule.
11. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (IIa), the process comprising:
(a) forming a reaction mixture that comprises a compound of Formula (Ia) and tertiary-butylMgX 1 such that a reaction occurs to yield a reaction product that comprises the compound of Formula (IIa) and an amount of the compound of comprising Formula (Ia) that is unreacted according to the following reaction scheme:
wherein:
X 1 is a halogen atom;
(b) quenching the reaction product of step (a);
(c) filtering the quenched reaction product of step (b) to form a filtrate comprising an amount of the compound of Formula (Ia) and an amount of the compound of Formula (IIa); and
(d) recycling by combining the filtrate of step (c) with the reaction mixture of step (a) and repeating steps (b) and (c).
12. The process of claim 11 , wherein step (d) is repeated up to four times.
13. The process of claim 11 , wherein the molar ratio of the compound of Formula (Ia) to tertiary-butylMgX 1 is from about 1:1 to about 1:5; step (a) is conducted at a temperature of from about 15° C. to about 100° C. and in the presence of a solvent system comprising an aprotic solvent; the reaction of step (b) is cooled to a temperature of less than 20° C.; and step (d) is repeated up to four times.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein X 1 is chloride or bromide, and the solvent system comprises toluene and tetrahydrofuran.
15. The process of claim 11 , wherein an amount of the compound of Formula (IIa) crystallizes in step (b) as the reaction product is cooled.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein the crystallization temperature is from about 15° C. to about 60° C. the first time step (b) is performed.
17. The process of claim 15 , wherein the crystallization temperature is from about 25° C. to about 55° C. the fourth time step (b) is performed.
18. The process of claim 11 , wherein the yield of the compound of Formula (IIa) is greater than about 70%, based on the amount of the compound of Formula (Ia) mixed with R 9 MgX 1 in step (a).
19. The process of claim 11 , wherein repeating step (d) four times increases the yield of the compound of Formula (IIa) by at least 20% compared to when no recycling step (d) is performed.
20. The process of claim 11 , wherein the optical activity of the compound of Formula (Ia) or (IIa) is selected from the group consisting of (+), (−), the configuration of each of C5 and C6 is R; and the configuration of C7, C9, C13, and C14, respectively, is selected from the group consisting of RRSS, RSRR, SRSS, and SSRR, provided that the C15 and the C16 carbons are both either on the alpha face or the beta face of the molecule.