Energy harvester apparatus having improved efficiency

1. Apparatus comprising:

(a) a housing;

(b) a first and at least a second mass element, each said element having a range of motion within the housing;

(c) an energy supply unit from which energy is accessible to devices outside the housing; and

(d) at least one energy transducer coupled to the energy supply unit so as to feed energy to said unit when the transducer is activated, wherein:

(e) at least the second mass element is arranged to receive collisionally transferred kinetic energy from the first mass element when the housing is in an effective state of mechanical agitation;

(f) the energy transducer is arranged to be activated by relative motion between the housing and at least one said mass element other than the first, wherein said relative motion is excited by at least a portion of the kinetic energy collisionally transferred from the first mass element; and

(g) at least one mass element arranged for activating the energy transducer is at least five times smaller in mass than the first mass element and is arranged so that the mass difference between itself and the first mass element causes it to undergo velocity multiplication relative to the first mass element.

2. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which the collisional transfer of kinetic energy from the first to the second mass element is mediated by a spring.

3. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which the energy transducer comprises a magnetic field source and at least one inductive coil.

4. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which the energy transducer comprises at least one piezoelectric element.

5. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which the energy transducer comprises at least one magnetostrictive element.

6. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which the first and second mass elements are constrained to rectilinear motion.

7. The apparatus of claim 1 , arranged for kinetic energy to be transferred through a sequence of decreasing masses from the first mass element to the energy transducer.

8. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which the energy transducer comprises at least one piezoelectric element subject to flexure due to a reciprocating motion of at least one mass element.

9. The apparatus of claim 1 , in which at least one mass element is suspended relative to the housing by a spring.

10. Apparatus comprising:

(a) a housing;

(b) a first and at least a second mass element, each said element having a range of motion within the housing;

(c) an energy supply unit from which energy is accessible to devices outside the housing; and

(d) at least one energy transducer coupled to the energy supply unit so as to feed energy to said unit when the transducer is activated, wherein:

(e) at least the second mass element is arranged to receive collisionally transferred kinetic energy from the first mass element when the housing is in an effective state of mechanical agitation;

(f) the energy transducer is arranged to be activated by relative motion between the housing and at least one said mass element other than the first, wherein said relative motion is excited by at least a portion of the kinetic energy collisionally transferred from the first mass element; and

the apparatus further comprises at least one pair of mutually collidable mass elements that are supported relative to the housing by mutually independent suspensions.

11. Apparatus comprising:

(a) a housing;

(b) a first mass element and one or more further mass elements arranged in a velocity-multiplying arrangement in which the further mass elements are arranged to receive collisionally transferred kinetic energy from the first mass element when the housing is in an effective state of mechanical agitation, and in which at least one of the further mass elements is at least five times smaller in mass than the first mass element and is arranged so that the mass difference between itself and the first mass element causes it to undergo velocity multiplication relative to the first mass element;

(c) an energy supply unit from which energy is accessible to devices outside the housing; and

(d) at least one energy transducer coupled to the energy supply unit so as to feed energy to said unit when the transducer is activated, wherein:

(e) at least one of the further mass elements having less mass than the first mass element has a range of ballistic motion; and

(f) the energy transducer is arranged to be activated by the ballistic motion of said further mass element having a range of ballistic motion.

12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the energy transducer comprises a magnet and a coil, one of said magnet and coil being attached to said further mass element having a range of ballistic motion, and the other of said magnet and coil being attached to another of said mass elements.

13. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the energy transducer comprises a magnet and a magnetostrictive element, said magnet being attached to said further mass element having a range of ballistic motion, and said magnetostrictive element being attached to another of said mass elements.

14. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the first mass element and the one or more further mass elements each have a range of ballistic motion that is linear.

15. Apparatus comprising:

(a) a housing;

(b) a first mass element and one or more further mass elements arranged in a velocity-multiplying arrangement in which the further mass elements are arranged to receive collisionally transferred kinetic energy from the first mass element when the housing is in an effective state of mechanical agitation, at least one of the further mass elements having less mass than the first mass element;

(c) an energy supply unit from which energy is accessible to devices outside the housing; and

(d) at least one energy transducer coupled to the energy supply unit so as to feed energy to said unit when the transducer is activated, wherein:

(e) at least one of the further mass elements having less mass than the first mass element has a range of ballistic motion;

(f) the energy transducer is arranged to be activated by the ballistic motion of said further mass element having a range of ballistic motion; and

at least one of the further mass elements has a range of ballistic motion lying within a cavity in the first mass element.

16. Apparatus comprising:

(a) a housing;

(b) a first and at least a second mass element, each said element having a range of motion within the housing;

(c) an energy supply unit from which energy is accessible to devices outside the housing; and

(d) at least one energy transducer coupled to the energy supply unit so as to feed energy to said unit when the transducer is activated, wherein:

(e) at least the second mass element is arranged to receive collisionally transferred kinetic energy from the first mass element when the housing is in an effective state of mechanical agitation;

(f) the energy transducer is arranged to be activated by relative motion between the housing and at least one said mass element other than the first, wherein said relative motion is excited by at least a portion of the kinetic energy collisionally transferred from the first mass element; and

(g) at least one of the mass elements is arranged to give and/or to receive collisionally transferred kinetic energy and is constrained to torsional motion.

17. The apparatus of claim 16 , in which the first and second mass elements are constrained to torsional motion.

18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the torsional motion of at least one said mass element is due to flexure of a cantilevered beam.

19. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the torsional motion of at least one said mass element is due to ballistic motion about a rotational axis.

20. The apparatus of claim 16 , wherein the first mass element and at least one second mass element each have a range of ballistic motion that is torsional.