USE OF SUBSTRATES AS PHARMACOLOGICAL CHAPERONES

1 - 28 . (canceled)

29 . A method of increasing the activity of a lysosomal enzyme in a cell, which method comprises contacting the cell with a substrate or substrate analog specific for the enzyme in an amount effective to increase the activity of the enzyme, with the proviso that the lysosomal enzyme is not acid sphingomyelinase.

30 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is selected from the group consisting of iduronate-2-sulfatase; heparan-N-sulfatase; α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase; N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase; N-acetyl-galactosamine-6-sulfate-sulfatase; Arylsulfatase A; Arylsulfatase B; acid ceramidase; N-Acetylglucosamine-1-Phosphotransferase; α-galactosidase A; acid β-glucosidase; α-L-iduronidase; acid α-glucosidase; β-galactosidase; β-glucuronidase; α-L-fucosidase; sialidase; β-hexosaminidase A; β-hexosaminidase B; β-galactocerebrosidase; acid ceramidase; acid α-mannosidase; acid β-mannosidase; acid α-N-acid β-mannosidase acetylgalactosaminidase; α-N-acetylglucosaminidase; and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase.

31 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is α-galactosidase A and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of α-D-galactosylamine; 4-methylumbelliferyl α-D-galactopyranoside; and p-nitrophenyl α-D-galctopyranoside.

32 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is acid β-glucosidase and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of 2,3-di-O-tetradecyl-1-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-sn-glycerol; 4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-glucopyranoside; p-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside; and resorufin β-D-glucopyranoside.

33 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is acid α-glucosidase and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylumbelliferyl α-D-glucopyranoside; p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside.

34 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is β-galactosidase and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol 6-sulfate; O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol 6-sulfate; 6-octanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside and 6-butanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl β-D-galactopyranoside; mono-, di-, and tri-sulfated β-Gal-β-GlcNac-β-Gal-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol; and O-[4-(1-imidazolyl)butyl]-2,3-dicyano-1,4-hydroquinonyl β-D-galactopyranoside (Im-DCH-beta-Gal) and its tetraacetate derivative, Im-DCH-beta-Gal(OAc)4.

35 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is heparan-N-sulfatase and the substrate or substrate analog is selected from the group consisting of heparan; heparin; O-α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine)-(1-4) O-L-(α-iduronic-acid 2-sulphate)-(1-4)-O-D-(2,5)-anhydro-mannitol 6-sulphate (GlcNS-IdoA2S-anM6S); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine)-(1-4)-L-O-(α-iduronic acid)-(1-4)-O-D-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine)-(1-3)-L-[6- 3 H]-idonic acid (GlcNS-IdoA-GlcNS-IdOA); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine)-(1-4)-O-L-iduronic acid (GlcNS-IdOA); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1-3)-L-idonic acid (GlcN6S-IdOA); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine 6 sulphate)-(1-3)-L-idonic acid (GlcNS6S-IdOA); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine)-(1-4)-L-idose) (GlcNS-Ido); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1-4)-L-[6- 3 H]-idose 2-sulphate (GlcNS6S-Ido2S); O-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1-4)-L-idose (GlcNS6S-Ido); O-(1-2-sulphaminoglucosamine)-(1-4)-L-6-idose 2-sulphate (GlcNS-Ido2S); 2-sulphoamino-glucosamine (GlcNS); and 2-sulphoamino-galactosamine (GalNS).

36 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is α-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase and the substrate or substrate analog is selected from the group consisting of heparan sulfate; α-N-acetylglucosamine; O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl N-sulphate)-(1-4)-β-D-uronic acid-(1-4)-(2-amino-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranosyl N-sulphate)-(1-3)-L-idonic acid or -2,5-anhydro-L-[6- 3 H]idonic acid or -L-gulonic acid).

37 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is N-acetyl-glucosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase and the substrate or substrate analog is selected from the group consisting of heparan sulfate; keratan sulfate; N-acetyl-glucosamine 6-sulfate; glucose 6-sulfate; O-α-D-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxyglucosyl-(1-4)-O-uronosyl-(1-4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol (GlcNAc(6S)UA-aMan-ol); O-(α-L-iduronic acid 2-sulphate)-(1-4)-D-β-(α-2-sulphaminoglucosamine 6 sulphate)-(1-4)-L-O-(α-iduronic acid 2-sulphate)-(1-4)-D-β-2,5-anhydro-mannitol 6-sulphate (IdoA2S-GlcNS6S-IdoA2S-anM6S);O-(α-N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1-4)-L-O-(α-iduronic acid 2-sulphate)-(1-4)-D-β-2,5-anhydro-mannitol 6 sulphate(GlcNAc6S-IdoA2S-anM6S); O-α-glucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1-4)-L-O-(α-iduronic acid 2-sulphate)-(1-4)-D-O-2,5-anhydro-mannitol 6-sulphate (GlcNH6S-IdoA2S-anM6S); and O-(α-N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulphate)-(1-3)-L-idonic acid (GlcNAc6S-IdOA).

38 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is β-glucuronidase and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of O-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1-4)-(2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol-1-t 6-sulfate); 4-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucuronide; 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide; and O-(β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1-4)-2,5-anhydro-D-mannitol.

39 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is β-hexosaminidase A and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac alpha 2MU); p-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-α-D-neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac α-2PNP); 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoyl α-D-N-acetyl neuraminic acid; α-S-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-5-acetamido-2,6 anhydro-2,3,5,9-tetradeoxy-9-thio-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-enonic acid.

40 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is β-hexosaminidase B and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylumbelliferyl-6-sulfo-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranoside.

41 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is β-galactocerebrosidase and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of 6-hexadecanoylamino-4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-galactopyranoside; chromogenic 2-hexadecanoylamino-4-nitrophenyl β-D-glucopyranoside.

42 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is α-N-acetylglucosaminidase and the substrate is selected from the group consisting of 4-methylumbelliferyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-D-glucopyranoside (GlcNAc-IdOA); O-(α-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-3)-L-idonic acid; O-(α-3-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-4)-L-idose (GlcNAc-Ido); O-(α-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-4)-1,6 anhydro-L-idose (GlcNAc-anIdo); O-(α-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1-4)-L-idose 2-sulfate (GlcNAc-Ido(OS); and p-nitrophenyl-2-acetamido-deoxy-D-glucopyranoside.

43 . The method of claim 30 , wherein the lysosomal enzyme is deficient due to a conformational mutation.