Method to produce a calibration, reagent or therapeutic gas by exposing a precursor gas to ultraviolet light
The present invention provides a means of producing nitric oxide (NO) by photolysis of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) at ultraviolet wavelengths. One application is the production of a known concentration of NO in a diluent gas for calibration of analytical instruments that measure nitric oxide in gases such as exhaled breath, ambient air and automobile exhaust. A potentially important medical application is the production of NO for inhalation therapy, an advantage being that very little toxic NO 2 gas is produced. The method is useful for producing NO for industrial applications as well. Advantages of this method of NO production include the use of a single, inexpensive, readily available reagent gas of very low toxicity. Furthermore, the concentration of NO produced can be easily controlled by varying the ultraviolet (UV) lamp intensity and relative gas flow rates. The method may also be applied to the production of controlled concentrations of other gases as well such as CO and F 2 by using reagent gases other than N 2 O.
1. A method of synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) which comprises:
providing a flow of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) into a reaction chamber, the chamber being substantially free of ambient air,
exposing the N 2 O to ultraviolet light at wavelengths shorter than 230 nm for an amount of time sufficient to allow a concentration of NO of between 0.05 ppmv and 100 ppmv to be formed in a resultant gas mixture, the amount of time being calculable using the flow rate and concentration of N 2 O, the flow rate and concentration of a diluent gas, chamber volume, intensity of the ultraviolet light, absorption cross section for N 2 O and quantum yield for NO production, and
wherein the resultant gas mixture has a concentration of no more than 0.4% NO 2 .
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the wavelength is with the range of 160-230 nm.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein a mercury lamp is a source of ultraviolet light.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of continuously flowing N 2 O into the reaction chamber at a rate chosen to achieve a given residence time in the reaction chamber and flowing NO, unreacted N 2 O and other reaction products out of the reaction chamber.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a source of ultraviolet light is a mercury lamp.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the mercury lamp is inside the reaction chamber.
7. The method of claim 1 further comprising the step of varying an intensity or duty cycle of the ultraviolet light thereby varying the concentration of NO produced.
8. A method of synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) for a gas mixture, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a flow of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) into a reaction chamber until the reaction chamber is purged of substantially all ambient air;
exposing the flow of N 2 O to ultraviolet light in the reaction chamber provided by a light source;
forming NO from the exposure of the flow of N 2 O to the ultraviolet light to create a N 2 O/NO source gas;
collecting the N 2 O/NO source gas which exits the reaction chamber; and
mixing the N 2 O/NO source gas with a flow of a diluent gas to form the gas mixture;
wherein the gas mixture that results has a concentration of NO between approximately 1-270 ppbv, and a concentration of no more than 0.4% NO 2 .
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the flow of N 2 O entering the reaction chamber is approximately 18 cc/min, and the reaction chamber has a volume of approximately 4.1 cc, such that N 2 O has an average exposure time in the reaction chamber of approximately 13.7 seconds.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction chamber has an initial temperature of approximately 37° C. and pressure of approximately 850 mbar.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the flow of N 2 O entering the reaction chamber is approximately 18 cc/min, and the reaction chamber has a volume of approximately 4.1 cc, such that N 2 O has an average exposure time in the reaction chamber of approximately 13.7 seconds; and wherein the reaction chamber has an initial temperature of approximately 37° C. and pressure of approximately 850 mbar.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the diluent gas is air scrubbed of NO before mixing with the N 2 O/NO source gas, and the flow of the diluent gas is approximately 940 cc/min.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the light source has an emission near 185 nm, a pulse width modulation up to approximately 16.0%, and is painted for approximately 95% opaqueness.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the light source has an emission near 185 nm, a pulse width modulation up to approximately 16.0%, and is painted for approximately 95% opaqueness.
15. The method of claim 8 , wherein the diluent gas is air scrubbed of NO before mixing with the N 2 O/NO source gas.
16. The method of claim 8 , wherein the flow of the diluent gas is approximately 940 cc/min.
17. The method of claim 8 , wherein the diluent gas is air scrubbed of NO before mixing with the N 2 O/NO source gas, and the flow of the diluent gas is approximately 940 cc/min.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the light source has an emission near 185 nm, a pulse width modulation up to approximately 16.0%, and is painted for approximately 95% opaqueness.
19. The method of claim 8 , wherein the light source has an emission near 185 nm.
20. The method of claim 8 , wherein the light source has a pulse width modulation up to approximately 16.0%.
21. The method of claim 8 , wherein the light source is painted for approximately 95% opaqueness.
22. The method of claim 8 , wherein the light source has an emission near 185 nm, a pulse width modulation up to approximately 16.0%, and is painted for approximately 95% opaqueness.
23. A method of synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) mixed into a diluent gas to form a resultant gas, the method comprising:
flowing nitrous oxide (N 2 O) into a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber substantially free of ambient air;
exposing the N 2 O to ultraviolet light emitted from a light source at wavelengths shorter than 230 nm to form photolysis products, the N 2 O photolyzing to form the products NO and N 2 or N 2 and O 2 at about a 3:2 ratio;
flowing the photolysis products and unreacted N 2 O out of the reaction chamber; and
mixing the photolysis products and unreacted N 2 O with a flow of the diluent gas to produce the resultant gas, the diluent gas scrubbed of NO before mixing;
wherein the resultant gas has a concentration of NO>0 and ≤100 ppmv and a concentration of NO 2 ≤0.4 ppmv; and
wherein the concentration of NO in the resultant gas is controlled by varying at least one of the intensity of the light source, the flow of N 2 O and the flow of the diluent gas.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the wavelengths of the ultraviolet light are between 160 and 230 nm.
25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the light source is a mercury lamp positioned inside the reaction chamber.
26. The method of claim 23 , wherein the intensity of the light source is varied by pulse width modulation.
27. The method of claim 23 , wherein the concentration of NO is between 20 and 100 ppmv.
28. A method of synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) mixed into a diluent gas to form a resultant gas, the method comprising:
flowing nitrous oxide (N 2 O) into a reaction chamber, the reaction chamber substantially free of ambient air;
exposing the N 2 O to ultraviolet light emitted from a light source at wavelengths shorter than 230 nm to form photolysis products, the N 2 O photolyzing to form the products NO and N 2 or N 2 and O 2 at about a 3:2 ratio, the reaction chamber sized so that absorption of the ultraviolet light is optically thick;
flowing the photolysis products and unreacted N 2 O out of the reaction chamber; and
mixing the photolysis products and unreacted N 2 O with a flow of the diluent gas to produce the resultant gas, the diluent gas scrubbed of NO before mixing;
wherein the resultant gas has a concentration of NO>0 and ≤100 ppmv and a concentration of NO 2 ≤0.4 ppmv; and
wherein the concentration of NO in the resultant gas is controlled by varying at least one of the intensity of the light source, the flow of N 2 O and the flow of the diluent gas.