TWO-STAGE METHOD FOR PRETREATMENT OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS

1 . A process, comprising:

(a) treating lignocellulosic biomass according to a first pretreatment protocol, thereby generating a first product mixture;

(b) separating the first product mixture into a first plurality of fractions; and

(c) treating at least one fraction of said first plurality of fractions according to a second pretreatment protocol, thereby generating a second product mixture.

2 - 6 . (canceled)

7 . The process of claim 1 ,

wherein

said lignocellulosic biomass is selected from the group consisting of grass, switch grass, cord grass, rye grass, reed canary grass, miscanthus, sugar-processing residues, sugarcane bagasse, agricultural wastes, rice straw, rice hulls, barley straw, corn cobs, cereal straw, wheat straw, canola straw, oat straw, oat hulls, corn fiber, stover, soybean stover, corn stover, forestry wastes, recycled wood pulp fiber, paper sludge, sawdust, hardwood, softwood, and combinations thereof

8 . The process of claim 7 , wherein said first pretreatment protocol or second pretreatment protocol comprises ball-milling, two-roll milling, hammer milling, colloid milling, high pressure, steaming, high energy, radiation, pyrolysis, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, chlorine dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, cellulose solvents, ethanol-water extraction, benzene-ethanol extraction, steam explosion, AFEX, recombinant microorganisms, or a combination thereof.

9 . The process of claim 7 , wherein said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a temperature in a solution of acid for a period of time.

10 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a temperature in a solution of acid for a period of time; and

said acid is sulfuric acid.

11 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a temperature in a solution of acid for a period of time; and

said temperature is about 100° C. to about 140° C.

12 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a temperature in a solution of acid for a period of time; and

said period of time is about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes.

13 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a temperature in a solution of acid for a period of time; and

said solution of acid is of a concentration of about 2% to about 5%.

14 - 15 . (canceled)

16 . The process of claim 7 , wherein said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction.

17 . The process of claim 7 ,

wherein

said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction; and

said solids fraction comprises cellulosic materials.

18 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction; and

said liquids fraction comprises mainly hemicellulosic materials in solution.

19 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction;

said liquids fraction comprises mainly hemicellulosic materials in solution; and

said hemicellulosic materials are hemicellulose sugars.

20 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction;

said liquids fraction comprises mainly hemicellulosic materials in solution;

said hemicellulosic materials are hemicellulose sugars; and

said liquids fraction further comprises residual chemicals applied in the first pretreatment protocol, by-products thereof, degradation products thereof, or combinations thereof.

21 - 25 . (canceled)

26 . The process of claim 7 , wherein said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating to a temperature, thereby forming a heated second product mixture.

27 . The process of claim 26 , further comprising cooling the heated second product mixture, wherein said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating to a temperature.

28 . The process of claim 26 , wherein

said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating to a temperature; and

said temperature is about 160° C. to about 220° C.

29 . (canceled)

30 . The process of claim 26 , further comprising cooling the heated second product mixture and processing said second product mixture using enzymatic hydrolysis, wherein

said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating to a temperature; and

said temperature is about 160° C. to about 220° C.

31 . The process of claim 26 , further comprising subjecting said second product mixture to biological conversion or chemical conversion.

32 . The process of claim 26 , further comprising cooling the heated second product mixture, processing said second product mixture using enzymatic hydrolysis, and subjecting said second product mixture to biological conversion or chemical conversion; wherein

said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating to a temperature; and

said temperature is about 160° C. to about 220° C.

33 - 38 . (canceled)

39 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a first temperature in a solution of acid for a first period of time; said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction; said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating said solids fraction to a second temperature for a second period of time; said liquids fraction is further processed; and said second product mixture is further processed.

40 - 58 . (canceled)

59 . The process of claim 7 , wherein

said first pretreatment protocol comprises heating the lignocellulosic materials to a temperature of about 100° C. to about 140° C. in a solution of about 2% to about 5% sulfuric acid for a period of about 30 minutes to about 90 minutes; said separation into a first plurality of fractions comprises washing to remove a liquids fraction, thereby leaving a solids fraction; said second pretreatment protocol comprises heating said solids fraction to a temperature of about 160° C. to about 220° C.; said liquids fraction is further processed; and said second product mixture is further processed.

60 - 72 . (canceled)