Hydrogen storage materials
A hydrogen storage material has been developed that comprises a metal hydride material embedded into a carbon microstructure that generally exhibits a greater bulk thermal conductivity than the surrounding bulk metal hydride material.
1. A product comprising:
a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that form repetitive and integrated unit cells such that the carbon microstructure has an open volume in the range of about 70 percent to about 95 percent, and
a metal hydride material embedded into the open volume of the carbon microstructure;
wherein the carbon microstructure is more thermally conductive than the metal hydride material; and
wherein the carbon microstructure is formed from at least 90 weight percent vitreous carbon based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure.
2. A product as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the metal hydride material comprises at least one hydridable metal or alloy.
3. A product as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the carbon microstructure has a volumetric density ranging from about 0.07 g/cm 3 to about 0.60 g/cm 3 .
4. A product as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the open-cellular framework comprises a three-dimensional microtruss in which the plurality of carbon segments interpenetrate at spaced apart and aligned nodes such that the unit cells of the microtruss comprise four carbon segments that interpenetrate at one of the nodes to form opposed quadrilateral pyramidal halves.
5. A product as set forth in claim 4 , wherein the carbon segments are circular in cross-section and have a diameter ranging from about 1 μm to about 500 μm.
6. A product as set forth in claim 4 , wherein the nodes are spaced apart from each other in a plane of the microtruss the by a distance ranging from about 10 μm to about 5 mm.
7. A product as set forth in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the carbon segments comprises internal cracks.
8. A product as set forth in claim 1 , wherein the metal hydride material is doped to improve volumetric and gravimetric hydrogen capacity.
9. A product as set forth in claim 8 , wherein doping includes doping with aluminum or titanium.
10. A product comprising:
a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that form repetitive and integrated unit cells such that the carbon microstructure has an open volume in the range of about 70 percent to about 95 percent, and
a metal hydride material embedded into the open volume of the carbon microstructure;
wherein the carbon microstructure is more thermally conductive than the metal hydride material, wherein the carbon microstructure further comprises at least one surface deposit of a relatively high thermally conductive material, and wherein the surface deposit is present from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure.
11. A product as set forth in claim 10 , wherein the relatively high thermally conductive material comprises at least one or aluminum, copper, nickel, or combinations thereof.
12. A product as set forth in claim 10 , wherein the at least one surface deposit comprises a plurality of small clusters of the relatively high thermally conductive material on at least one of the carbon segments.
13. A product as set forth in claim 10 , wherein the at least one surface deposit comprises a thin continuous coating of the relatively high thermally conductive material on at least one of the carbon segments.
14. A product as set forth in claim 13 , wherein the entire carbon microstructure is electroplated with the relatively high thermally conductive material.
15. A product as set forth in claim 14 , wherein the metal hydride material comprises at least one alloy having the general formula AB 5 , AB, A 2 B, or AB 2 , where A and B represent a metal element.
16. A product comprising:
a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that interpenetrate at spaced apart and aligned nodes to form a three-dimensional microtruss having repetitive and integrated unit cells, the carbon microstructure comprising at least 90 weight percent vitreous carbon based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure, the unit cells of the three-dimensional microtruss comprising four carbon segments that interpenetrate at one of the nodes to form opposed quadrilateral pyramidal halves, the plurality of carbon segments having a thickness and the nodes being spaced apart from each other in a plane of the microtruss by a distance to provide the carbon microstructure with an open volume ranging from about 70% to about 95%, and wherein at least one of carbon segments has internal cracks; and
a metal hydride material embedded into the carbon microstructure wherein the carbon microstructure further comprises at least one surface deposit of a relatively high thermally conductive material.
17. A product as set forth in claim 16 , wherein the surface deposit is present from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure.
18. A product as set forth in claim 17 , wherein the at least one surface deposit comprises either a plurality of small clusters of the relatively high thermally conductive material on at least one of carbon segments or a thin continuous coating of the relatively high thermally conductive material on at least one of carbon segments.
19. A method comprising:
providing a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that form repetitive and integrated unit cells such that the carbon microstructure has an open volume in the range of about 70 percent to about 95 percent, and
embedding a metal hydride material into the open volume of the carbon microstructure and wherein the act of embedding the metal hydride material comprises hydrogenating the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material to incorporate hydrogen into the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material and form the metal hydride material with a hydrogen storage capacity and wherein the carbon microstructure is formed from at least 90 weight percent vitreous carbon based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure.
20. A product comprising:
a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that interpenetrate at spaced apart and aligned nodes to form a three-dimensional microtruss having repetitive and integrated unit cells, the carbon microstructure comprising at least 90 weight percent vitreous carbon based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure, the unit cells of the three-dimensional microtruss comprising four carbon segments that interpenetrate at one of the nodes to form opposed quadrilateral pyramidal halves, the plurality of carbon segments having a thickness and the nodes being spaced apart from each other in a plane of the microtruss by a distance to provide the carbon microstructure with an open volume ranging from about 70% to about 95%, and wherein at least one of carbon segments has internal cracks; and
a metal hydride material embedded into the carbon microstructure, wherein the carbon microstructure has a volumetric density ranging from about 0.07 g/cm 3 to about 0.60 g/cm 3 , wherein the thickness of the carbon segments ranges from about 1 μm to about 500 μm, and wherein the distance the nodes are spaced apart from each other in a plane of the microtruss ranges from about 10 μm to about 5 mm.
21. A method as set forth in claim 19 , wherein the act of embedding the metal hydride material comprises:
grinding a hydridable metal or alloy precursor material into a powder of a predetermined refinement;
embedding the powder of the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material into the carbon microstructure; and
hydrogenating the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material to incorporate hydrogen into the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material and form the metal hydride material with a hydrogen storage capacity.
22. A method comprising:
providing a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that form repetitive and integrated unit cells such that the carbon microstructure has an open volume in the range of about 70 percent to about 95 percent, and
embedding a metal hydride material into the open volume of the carbon microstructure, wherein the act of embedding the metal hydride material comprises:
melting a hydridable metal or alloy precursor material into the carbon microstructure;
cooling the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material; and
hydrogenating the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material to incorporate hydrogen into the hydridable metal or alloy precursor material and form the metal hydride material with a hydrogen storage capacity.
23. A product comprising:
a carbon microstructure comprising an open-cellular framework defined at least in part by a plurality of carbon segments that form repetitive and integrated unit cells comprising a three-dimensional microtruss such that the carbon microstructure has an open volume in the range of about 70 percent to about 95 percent, and
a metal hydride material embedded into the open volume of the carbon microstructure;
wherein the carbon microstructure is more thermally conductive than the metal hydride material;
wherein the carbon microstructure further comprises at least one surface deposit of a relatively high thermally conductive material, and wherein the surface deposit is present from about 0.1 to about 10 weight percent based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure.
24. A product set forth in claim 23 , wherein the plurality of carbon segments are cross-sectionally shaped so that they meet at spaced apart and aligned nodes.
25. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein the carbon microstructure is formed from at least 90 weight percent vitreous carbon based on the total weight of the carbon microstructure.
26. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein the carbon microstructure has a volumetric density ranging from about 0.07 g/cm 3 to about 0.60 g/cm 3 .
27. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein at least one of the carbon segments comprises internal cracks.
28. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein the relatively high thermally conductive material comprises at least one or aluminum, copper, nickel, or combinations thereof.
29. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein the at least one surface deposit comprises a plurality of small clusters of the relatively high thermally conductive material on at least one of the carbon segments.
30. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein the at least one surface deposit comprises a thin continuous coating of the relatively high thermally conductive material on at least one of the carbon segments.
31. A product as set forth in claim 30 , wherein the entire carbon microstructure is electroplated with the relatively high thermally conductive material.
32. A product as set forth in claim 31 , wherein the metal hydride material comprises at least one alloy having the general formula AB 5 , AB, A 2 B, or AB 2 , where A and B represent a metal element.
33. A product as set forth in claim 23 , wherein the metal hydride material comprises at least one hydridable metal or alloy.