Electrochemical compressor and refrigeration system

1. A refrigeration system that conveys heat from a first heat reservoir at a relatively low temperature to a second heat reservoir at relatively high temperature, the refrigeration system defining a closed loop that contains a working fluid, at least part of the working fluid being circulated through the closed loop, the refrigeration system comprising:

a first heat transfer device that transfers heat from the first heat reservoir to the working fluid, a second heat transfer device that transfers heat from the working fluid to the second heat reservoir, an expansion valve between the first and second heat transfer devices that reduces pressure of the working fluid, a conduit system and an electrochemical compressor between the first and second heat transfer devices;

wherein the electrochemical compressor comprises:

one or more electrochemical cells electrically connected to each other through a power supply, each electrochemical cell comprising a gas pervious anode, a gas pervious cathode, an electrolyte disposed between and in intimate electrical contact with the cathode and the anode;

an electrochemical compressor input,

an electrochemical compressor output,

wherein at least one of said one or more electrochemical cells comprises an electrochemical compressor bypass conduit;

wherein the working fluid comprises:

a condensable refrigerant that bypasses the electrochemical process; and

an electrochemically active fluid that participates in the electrochemical process within the electrochemical compressor

wherein said conduit system receives at least one electrochemically-active fluid of said working fluid from said electrochemical compressor output and, other components of the working fluid from said electrochemical compressor bypass conduit, wherein said conduit system has a geometry that enables at least a portion of the received working fluid to be imparted with a gain in kinetic energy as it moves through the conduit system.

2. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises a solid electrolyte.

3. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , further comprising a temperature sensor thermally coupled to one or more of the working fluid, the first heat transfer device, and the second heat transfer device.

4. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the condensable refrigerant does not participate in the electrochemical process.

5. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical compressor includes:

a cathode gas space on a nonelectrolyte side of the cathode; and

an anode gas space on a nonelectrolyte side of the anode.

6. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical compressor includes:

a first electrochemically active route that traverses the anode and cathode;

a second non-electrochemical route that bypasses the anode and cathode; and

a combiner that combines the components that have traversed the first and second routes.

7. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the first heat transfer device comprises a condenser.

8. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the second heat transfer device comprises an evaporator.

9. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , further comprising a mechanical compressor in series with the electrochemical compressor.

10. The refrigeration system of claim 9 , wherein the mechanical compressor is between the electrochemical compressor and the first heat transfer device.

11. The refrigeration system of claim 9 , wherein the mechanical compressor is between the electrochemical compressor and second heat transfer device.

12. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes carbon dioxide.

13. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes a fluorocarbon gas.

14. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the condensable refrigerant is not water.

15. The refrigeration system of claim 1 , wherein the working fluid includes water.