Methods for the preparation and purification of electrolytes for redox flow batteries
A method for preparing a redox flow battery electrolyte is provided. In some embodiments, the method includes the processing of raw materials containing sources of chromium ions and/or iron ions. The method further comprises the removal of impurities such as metal ions from those raw materials. In some embodiments, a reductant may be used to remove metal impurities from an aqueous electrolyte containing chromium ions and/or nickel ions. In some embodiments, the reductant is an amalgam. In some embodiments, the reductant is a zinc amalgam. Also provided is a method for removing ionic impurities from an aqueous acid solution. Further provided a redox flow battery comprising at least one electrolyte prepared from the above-identified methods.
1. A method for preparing a redox battery electrolyte, comprising:
dissolving a raw material in an aqueous liquid with at least one acid to form a solution that includes one or both of chromium ions and iron ions and further includes at least one ionic impurity;
adding an amalgam reductant to the solution, thereby causing the at least one ionic impurity to precipitate out of the solution in its elemental form or as an alloy with at least one second impurity in filterable form;
filtering the solution to remove the amalgam reductant and the at least one ionic impurity from the solution to purify the solution; and
adjusting the acidity of the purified solution by adding further acid to form the redox battery electrolyte.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing undissolved solids from the solution prior to adding the amalgam reductant to the solution.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein amalgam reductant is added to the solution under an inert atmosphere.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein filtering the amalgam reductant and the at least one elemental impurity from the solution is performed under an inert atmosphere.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein filtering the solution comprises using a solid filter and a filter aid.
6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising oxidizing the filtered solution.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amalgam reductant is zinc amalgam.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the amalgam reductant is a zinc alloy amalgam.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one impurity is selected from copper, silver, tungsten, tin, lead, indium, molybdenum, vanadium, nickel, cobalt, thallium, cadmium, ruthenium and noble metals.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one impurity is selected from nickel ions, cobalt ions, and copper ions.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one impurity is nickel ions.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the purified solution includes an amount of nickel ions that is less than 5 parts per million.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the raw material is selected from at least one of chrome ores, partially-reduced chrome ores, ferrochrome ores, iron metal and chromium metal.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one acid is selected from hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, perchloric acid, carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one acid is hydrochloric acid.
16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
collecting the amalgam reductant and ionic impurity from the solution; and
reusing the collected amalgam reductant in subsequent steps of adding the amalgam reductant to the solution and causing the at least one ionic impurity to precipitate out of the solution in its elemental form or as an alloy with at least one second impurity in filterable form.