High-resolution molecular sensor
A solid state molecular sensor having an aperture extending through a thickness of a sensing region is configured with a sensing region thickness that corresponds to the characteristic extent of at least a component of a molecular species to be translocated through the aperture. A change in an electrical characteristic of the sensing region is measured during the molecular species translocation. The sensor can be configured as a field effect transistor molecular sensor. The sensing region can be a region of graphene including an aperture extending through a thickness of the graphene.
1. A graphene sensor comprising:
a region of graphene including an aperture extending through a thickness of the graphene region;
a continuous, electrically conductive path formed of graphene in the graphene region and extending in the graphene region around the aperture;
a supply reservoir connected to provide a species to the aperture;
a collection reservoir connected to collect the species after translocation of the species through the aperture; and
an electrical connection to the graphene region to measure a change in an electrical characteristic of the graphene region during the species translocation.
2. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises a single layer of graphene.
3. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises a few-layer region of graphene.
4. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises a multiple-layer region of graphene.
5. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises no more than about two layers of graphene.
6. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises no more than about five layers of graphene.
7. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises no more than about ten layers of graphene.
8. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises no more than about one hundred layers of graphene.
9. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the graphene region comprises at least one graphitic flake.
10. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture comprises a nanopore having a diameter no greater than about one micron.
11. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture comprises a nanopore having a diameter no greater than about 500 nm.
12. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture comprises a nanopore having a diameter no greater than about 100 nm.
13. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture comprises a nanopore having a diameter no greater than about 10 nm.
14. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture comprises a nanopore having a diameter no greater than about 5 nm.
15. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture is disposed at an interior location of the graphene region, providing a continuous portion of the graphene region between the aperture and edges of the graphene region.
16. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the aperture is disposed at a first edge of the graphene region, providing a continuous portion of the graphene region between the aperture and an opposite edge of the graphene region.
17. The sensor of claim 1 further comprising an electrical circuit connected to the electrical connection to measure a change in electrical conductance of the graphene region during species translocation.
18. The sensor of claim 17 wherein the graphene region is configured as a transistor element in the electrical circuit.
19. The sensor of claim 17 wherein the electrical connection comprises two electrodes connected at opposite edges of the graphene region.
20. The sensor of claim 19 wherein the two electrodes comprise source and drain regions.
21. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture a species comprising molecules.
22. The sensor of claim 1 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture a species comprising molecular components.
23. The sensor of claim 21 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture a species comprising biomolecules.
24. The sensor of claim 23 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture DNA molecules.
25. The sensor of claim 23 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture RNA molecules.
26. The sensor of claim 22 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture oligonucleotides.
27. The sensor of claim 22 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture a species comprising components of biomolecules to the aperture.
28. The sensor of claim 27 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture nucleotides.
29. The sensor of claim 21 wherein the reservoirs are configured to provide to the aperture a species comprising a polymer.
30. A graphene sensor comprising:
at least one layer of graphene including an aperture extending through a thickness of the graphene layer;
a continuous, electrically conductive path formed of the graphene layer and extending in the graphene layer around the aperture; and
means for measuring a change in an electrical characteristic of the graphene layer as at least a component of a molecule interacts with the aperture.
31. The sensor of claim 30 wherein the aperture comprises a nanopore having a diameter less than about one micron.